COM 112 Interpersonal Communication Final Exam Review- Definitions

Linear Model

Communication goes from sender to receiver

Channel

A method of communication ex. voice, texting, email,

Linear Model

Communication goes from sender to receiver

Channel

A method of communication ex. voice, texting, email,

Transactional Model

Communication goes both ways, influencing the sender and receiver, includes context

Context

The information surrounding a situation

Noise

Anything that distorts messages

Physical Noise

Outside sounds that inhibit one’s ability to listen and understand a message

Psychological Noise

Mental states that inhibit one’s ability to listen and understand a message

Physiological Noise

Physical conditions that inhibit one’s ability to listen and understand a message

Principles of Communication

Transactional, (un)intentional, irreversible, unrepeatable, relational

Intrapersonal Communication

Communicating to yourself

Impersonal Communication

Generic, independent, provides extrinsic rewards

Interpersonal Communication

Unique, interdependent, often involves self-disclosure, provides intrinsic rewards

Extrinsic Rewards

Benefits from external sources ex. money, status

Intrinsic Rewards

Benefits from internal sources ex. fulfillment, happiness

Competent Communication

Communication that is effective and appropriate

Communication Misconceptions

More is always better, solves all problems, natural ability, always for understanding/connection

Cognitive Complexity

The ability to look at something and understand from multiple points of view

Self Monitoring

Paying attention to the impact your behavior has on others and controlling yourself based on that evaluation

Mediated Communication

Communication occurring via technological channels

Pros of Social Media/Smart Phones

Connected worldwide, easy access learning, staying in touch without having to see people in person, entertainment

Cons of Social Media/Smart Phones

Anonymity, permanence/loss of privacy, social comparison, scams, misinformation, bullying

Masspersonal Communication

Putting personal things online meant for a large audience

Richness

Abundance of nonverbal cues that add meaning to a message, tends to be less during mediated communication

Asynchronous Communication

Communication where there is a lag between messages sent and responses ex. emailing, some texting

Disinhibition

Tendency to transmit messages without thinking about the consequences, more likely through mediated communication

Hyperpersonal Communication

Accelerating the discussion of personal topics and relational development beyond what normally happens in face-to-face interaction

Leanness

Messages that carry less information due to a lack of nonverbal cues, opposite of richness

Multimodality

The ability and willingness to use multiple channels of communication

Weak Ties

Less-personal relationships typified by infrequent communication

Common characteristics of Culture

Shared language, traditions, behaviors, beliefs, values, arts, etc.

In Groups

People who relate to each other and consider each other the same

Out Group

People you don’t relate to and consider different

Individualism

Culture where it matters most what you feel and want, desire to make yourself stand out, prominent in United States culture

Collectivism

Culture where the group (family, workplace, culture as a whole) is most important, encouraged to be like everyone else, many Asian and Hispanic cultures

High Context

Context is important to communication, people aren’t as direct with words

Low Context

Context is not as important to communication, more direct with expressing thoughts, feelings, and desires

High Power Distance

Members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power to a great degree, don’t question authority

Low Power Distance

Members of a society don’t often accept an unequal distribution of power, those in power are able to be questioned and social differences aren’t as acknowledged

Achievement Culture

Focus and value placed on gaining wealth and status, also called masculine culture

Nurturing Culture

Focus and value placed on building relationships

Uncertainty Avoidance

To what degree someone wants to know what is going to happen next, often based on personality more than culture

Co-Cultures

Cultures that form around aspects of social identity such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, etc.

Race

Social construction that categorizes people by physical traits, cultural traits, and ancestry

Ethnicity

Degree to which a person identifies with a particular group, usually on the basis of nationality, culture, or some other unifying perspective

Intersectionality

The interplay of social categories that shape identity

Code-Switching

Adapting one’s manner of speaking when changing contexts

Microaggressions

Disrespect and disdain expressed through subtle verbal or nonverbal displays, typically aimed at marginalized co-cultures

Ethnocentrism

An attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others

Prejudice

An unfairly biased and intolerant attitude toward others who belong to an out-group

Self Concept

The relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself, who you think you are

Reflected Appraisal

Messages you receive from others about what they think you are, matter more coming from close friends/family/people held in high esteem

Self Esteem

One’s personal evaluation of self-worth, how you feel about yourself

Significant Other

A person whose evaluations are especially influential on one’s reflected appraisal

Social Comparison

Evaluating oneself based on what they see from others around them

Reference Group

Others against whom you evaluate your own characteristic

Characteristics of a Healthy Self Concept

Subjective, flexible, multifaceted, resists change

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Expectations of an event, and subsequent behavior based on those expectations, make the expected outcome more likely to occur

Impression Management

The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them

Perceived Self

The person you believe yourself to be, may not be accurate in every respect

Presenting Self

The way you want to appear to others, typically socially desirable

Face

Socially approved identity created by the presenting self

Facework

Verbal and nonverbal ways to maintain a the presenting self

Self-Disclosure

Letting people know truthful things about yourself

Norm of Reciprocity

People feel more inclined to self-disclose back if someone self-discloses to them

Characteristics of Self Disclosure

Has the self as subject, intentional, directed at another person, honest, revelatory, contains information generally unavailable from other sources, gains intimate nature from the context in which it is expressed

Advantages of Self Disclosure

Creating common ground, building trust, validation, catharsis

Disadvantages of Self Disclosure

Rejection, loss of privacy

Social Penetration Model

Getting to know someone in layers of depth and breadth

Breadth

How many things you know about someone

Depth

How personal the things you know about someone are

Johari Window Model

Everything about a person can be divided into a box with four sections of varying sizes based on what is known and unknown to oneself and others

Open Self

Known to oneself and others, often public facts

Blind Self

Things known to others but not to oneself, things you aren’t self aware of

Hidden Self

Things unknown to others but known to oneself, often things kept a secret

Unknown Self

Things not known to oneself or by others, often things you haven’t tried or experienced

Privacy Management

The choices people make to reveal or conceal information about themselves

Myers-Briggs Personality Test

A test that divides people into 16 groups based on four categories that were created from Youngian archetypes

Archetype

A set of characteristics that shows up again and again

Extravert vs Introvert

Where you get your energy, is it from being around other people (extravert) or being alone (introvert)

Sensing vs Intuition

How you take in information/learn, through tactical things, the 5 senses, and step-by-step instructions (sensing), or through imagination and seeing the big picture (intuition)

Thinking vs Feeling

How you make decisions, objectively (thinking) or more emotion and empathy based (feeling)

Judging vs Percieving

How you use time, quick decision maker (judging) or takes time with decisions (percieving)

Sex

Aspect of identity based on biological traits, male-female spectrum

Gender

Aspect of identity that is learned and cultural, masculine-feminine spectrum

Androgynous

Mix of masculine and feminine, current generation more so than past ones

Benevolent Lie

Non-malicious lies that are claimed to be helping the person being told, often to spare someone’s feelings

Equivocation

Statements that are not literally false but cleverly avoid an unpleasant truth

Selection

The subconscious process of choosing which stimulus to pay attention to

Steps of Perception

Selection, organization, interpretation, negotiation

Organization

Grouping things together and creating images in one’s head based on associations

Interpretation

Attaching meaning to what you’re perceiving, why is this happening?

Negotiation

Coming to a shared understanding of a perception with another person

Punctuation

The determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions, trying to find out what started it

Attribution

Explaining why someone behaved the way they did

Influences on Perception

Physiological (5 senses, disability, hunger, illness, intoxication, fatigue), Psychological (gender, previous experiences, mood), cultural (religion, family background, occupation)

Standpoint Theory

How a person’s position in a society shapes their perspective

Primacy Effect

First thing said remembered the most

Recency Effect

Last thing said remembered the most

Halo Effect

Assuming good things about someone from one attractive trait/first impression

Horns Effect

Assuming bad things about someone from one unattractive trait/first impression