Applied Animal Nutrition PPT. 1

Nutrient 6

Water, Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Minerals, Vitamins

Feed or Feedstuff

any material included in a diet b/c of its nutrient composition. Forages, roughages, protein feeds, mineral supp.

Ration or Diet

A 24- hour allowance of feed

Balance ration or balanced diet

Implies that the ration is nutritionally adequate to meet animal's nutrient requirements

Roughage

Any feed with greater than 20% crude fiber content, low level of nutrient density, typically low in dry matter digestibility

Concentrate

Any feed ingredient with low crude fiber content (

Why is feed so important?

The consumption of feedstuffs by livestock is required to supply nutrients and potential energy to support life

Maintenance

Condition in which an animal is neither gaining or losing body weight. PROTEIN FOR TISSUE REPAIR

2 most plentiful/ plentiful nutrients

1- Water, 2- Protein

Positive Energy Balance

Consumption of feed over and above required for maintenance will provide nutrients and energy to support added production functions.

Negative energy balance

Nutrient and potential energy intake below that necessary to support maintenance which results in weight loss, etc.

Excessive nutrient and energy intake

Feed consumption over and above that required to meet the dietary nutrient and energy requirements which results in extra fat deposition

Toxicity

Some plants contain toxins that animals can't eat

Formulating

Mixing and providing nutritionally adequate diets at an acceptable price. Need knowledge of feed ingredients, feed ingredient nutrient composition, and animal requirements.

Nutrition

The series of processes by which animal ingest and assimilates feeds and their components for promoting maintenance, growth, etc.

Prehension

Obtaining food via the mouth

Digestion

Process of breaking down the feeds and their complex components into forms that can be digested. - Mastication (chewing) Physical form, Action of digestive enzymes, action of microorganisms in the rumen or cecum.

Absorption

Process by which the complex components of the digested feeds cross the cellular membranes of the gastrointestinal tract.

Metabolism

All changes which take place in the complex components of feeds after absorption from the digestive tract into the cell.

Water

Most vital nutrition ingested. May lose 100% body fat and 50% body protein and still live. Lose 10% of body water and become dehydrated.

Water consumption

2-4 times more water by weight than dry feed intake

Water uses for animals

Solvent for many biological systems, excretion of waste, etc

Sources of water

Drinking (most common), Free water (from feeds)-not chemically bound, metabolic water

As-fed vs Dry matter

As-fed- free water present, Dry matter- free water has been removed

As-fed Intake vs Dry Matter Intake

As-fed intake x % DM DM of feed = Dry matter intake (25lbs. as-fed intake x 80% DM = 20lbs Dm intake)

Dry matter intake/ %DM of feed = As-fed intake (20lbs. Dry matter intake/ 80% DM = 25lbs as-fed intake)

Water Dietary needs

Cattle 10-20 gals/day, Dairy cattle 10-90 gals/day, Horses 10-20 gals/day

Carbohydrates Functions

functions of energy for bodily function, Carbon skeletons for building other nutrients, milk synthesis

carbohydrates carbon: Hydrogen; Oxygen

1:2:1 ratio

carbohydrates classifications

Monosaccharides- Glucose (Dextrose), Fructose

Disaccharides- Sucrose, maltose, Lactose

Polysaccharides- Starch, cellulose

Carbohydrates- Starch Digestion

Starch- non-structural or non fibrous polysaccharide, extensively digested

Monogastric/ non-ruminant pancreatic enzymes secreted into the small intestine

Microbial digestion that occurs in the rumen of ruminant animals or the cecum of non ruminants

Non-Ruminant Digestion 1

Digestion occurs in upper small intestine by digestive enzymes, secreted by the pancreas, absorbed in lower small intestine

Non-Ruminant Digestion contd.

Starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine will be digested by microbial fermentation in the cecum, results in the formation of volatile fatty acids that can be used as

1. Building blocks for the synthesis of amino acids and B-complex vitamins or

2. Absorbed through the cecum wall into the bloodstream and ultimately serve as an energy source by the animal

Ruminant Digestion

Digestion occurs in the rumen via microbial fermentation, starch is converted to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) - these VFAs are used for:

1. Building blocks for the synthesis of amino acids and B-complex vitamins or

2. Absorbed through the rumen wall into the bloodstream and ultimately serve as an energy source by the animal

Ruminant Digestion- Starch

Starch not digested by microorganisms in the rumen later digested in the upper small intestine by pancreatic enzymes secreted by the host animal and ultimately absorbed in the lower small intestine as monosaccharides

Cellulose Digestion- Carbohydrates: Cellulose

Structural or Fibrous polysaccharides, requires microbial digestion rumen of the ruminant or cecum of the non-ruminant.

Cellulose digestion - Non-Ruminant

digestion requires microbial fermentation., cellulose digestion occurs in the cecum resulting in the formation of volatile fatty acids that are used as either

1. Building blocks for the synthesis of amino acids and B-complex vitamins or

2. Absorbed through the cecum wall into the bloodstream and stomach serve as an energy source for the animal. `

Cellulose Digestion- Non-ruminant size of cecum

Due to limited size in the cecum in most non-ruminants cellulose is of limited value to most non-ruminant, except the horse.

Review notes for PICTURE

Cecal Digestion in the Horse

Cecum contains microbial population that functions as the digestive mechanism of ingesta, rate of passage = 1-1/2 - 2 days, primary site of fiber digestion that requires microbial digestion, also sight of microbial digestion of starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine by digestive enzymes

Fiber digestion in cecal digestion for horse

Fiber digestion similar to ruminants, but due to smaller size compared to the rumen, high quality forages are digested faster and more extensively

Ruminant- cellulose digestion

Cellulose digestion occurs in the rumen via microbial digestion converting cellulose to volatile fatty acids that are used as either:

1. Building blocks for the synthesis of amino acids and B-complex vitamins or

2. absorbed through the cecum wall into the bloodstream and ultimately serve as an energy source by the animal

Proteins

Principle constituent of organs and soft tissues, 2nd highest concentration of any nutrient, after water, in all living organisms and animals, required for life

Protein Functions

Structure of organs and soft tissues, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, hide/hair/ wool, milk synthesis

Dietary Essential Amino Acids

Amino Acids required in the diet that cannot be synthesized as a rate sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of the animal and therefore must be supplied by diet

Essential Amino Acids- Dietary

Phenylalanine

r

isoleucine

valine

arganine

tryptophor *

e

Threonine *

i

methionine *

Histidine

a

leucine

lysine *

* Most likely deficient in diet, highest requirement

Dietary Limiting Amino Acids

The essential amino acid that is present in the lowest quantity in the diet when expressed as a % of the animal's amino acid requirement. (1st limiting amino acid)

Non-ruminant- amino acid

Non-ruminants possess a cecum that contains billions of microorganisms capable of synthesis of the essential amino acids, the cecum is located behind the small intestine which is the site of amino acid absorption- therefore, the essential amino acids are excreted in the feces and are not absorbed by most non-ruminant

Non-ruminant- essential amino acids

essential amino acids must be supplied in the diets of non-ruminants, horses are the only exception

Horses are exception

The cecum of the horse is large and full of microorganisms (MCOs), MCOs are capable of synthesizing microbial protein from nitrogen- results from the degradation of protein in the cecum and carbon skeletons

- Which results from the degradation of protein, carbohydrates and/ or lipids by the microorganisms

Why horses are the exception

Horses practice coprophagy, the consumption of fecal material, the horse ingests feces that contains microbial protein, the microbial protein is digested by digestive enzymes in the small intestine and the resulting essential amino acids are absorbed.

Ruminants- Rumen

ruminants posses a fore-stomach called the rumen, the rumen contains billions of MCOs that are capable of synthesizing microbial protein from nitrogen, resulting from the degradation of protein in the cecum and carbon dioxide, which results from the degradation of protein, carbohydrates and/or lipids, the microbial protein is later digested and absorbed as amino acids in the small intestine. We are not as concerned about essential amino acid intake by the ruminant

Importance of Protein Degradation in the rumen

Rumen microorganisms have a definitive nitrogen requirement for proper growth and reproduction (approximately 1% nitrogen), Degradation of protein in the rumen and/or cecum by the microorganisms supplies nitrogen for microbial growth and reproduction, consumption of feeds less than 6% crude protein content results in microbial nitrogen deficiency that will decrease the growth and reproduction of the microorganisms- this results in a decreased rate of feed digestion and a slower rate of passage in the digestive system

Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN)

Nitrogen supplied to the animal in a non protein state, rapid release of ammonia (NH3+) in rumen, crude protein equivalent = approximately 288%. % Nitrogen from NPN times a factor of 6.25 (Urea is an example of NPN)

NPN and Microbial Protein Synthesis

MCO's are capable of synthesizing microbial protein from nitrogen- resulting from the dehydration of protein in the cecum and carbon skeletons- which results from the degradation of protein, carbohydrates and/or lipids by the microorganisms. The rate of degradation of non-protein nitrogen by microbial urease is very rapid- therefore, the carbon skeletons necessary for microbial protein synthesis must also be supplied in a very rapid fashion- readily available, easily digested carbohydrate sources.

NPN and Microbial Protein Synthesis

-Utilization of NPN sources is very common in ruminant rations

-Conversion of NPN into microbial protein can be quite good (75-90%) when the majority of the ration consists of readily available CHO. - Such as starches, sugars, (feedlot finishers)

-Since dormant, weathers mature warm season grasses in the winter are digested very slowly, conversion of NPN into microbial protein is quite poor (0-50%) - depending upon the other supplement ingredients and frequency of feeding

Ruminal degradable protein and Ruminal bypass protein

-Ruminal degradable protein can be degraded in the rumen by microbes that produce microbial crude protein.

-Ruminal bypass protein dietary protein that pass intact from the rumen to the duodenum (like in monogastric)

Ruminal Digestable Protein s. Ruminal Bypass Protein

Depending upon the protein requirement of the animal, a ruminal degradable protein source may be sufficient to supply adequate levels of nitrogen to meet the requirement of nitrogen by the rumen microorganisms that will ultimately synthesize the essential amino acids that will be required to meet in animal's protein needs.

Ruminal Degradable Protein vs Ruminal Bypass Protein (Dairy cattle)

The protein requirement of a lactating dairy cow exceeds the ability of the ruminal microorganisms. The MCOs are not able to synthesize sufficient protein to meet the needs of the cow for her own body as well as milk protein synthesis.

Ruminal Degradable Protein vs Ruminal Bypass Protein

Therefore, we must feed a ruminal degradable protein source that will supply sufficient nitrogen to meet the needs of the ruminal microorganisms.

-The microbes digest the cellulose found in the roughage sources as well as a ruminal bypass protein source that will then be an additive source of amino acids to meet the protein requirement of the animal 910-13% CP for cow ruminal degradable

Protein Deficiency

-reduced appetite and feed intake

-Reduced birth weights and growth

-reduced colostrum and milk production

-Decreased hormonal production

-Decreased fertility

Excessive Protein Intake

-Amino group (NH2) is removed (deamination)- converted to urea in the liver, excreted in the form of urine

-Remaining carbon skeleton (fatty acid) used as an energy source by the animal

1. To support bodily functions

or

2. To be stored as fat for later use as an energy source- if fat is mobilized from the body

-Expensive method of supplying energy to the animal

Lipids (fats and Oils)

Organic compounds that are characterized by being insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents.

-Ether extract (fat)

-Triglyceride --> most common

Lipids Functions

-Dietary energy source

-Source of essential fatty acids

-insulation

-carrier of fat soluble vitamins

-major factor in quality grading of beef

Lipids Concentrated source of energy

- 1 gram of lipid contains 9.45 kcal of energy compared to 4.2kcal of energy for carbohydrates and protein

-2.25 times more energy

-Source of dietary fatty acid

-Mono gastric must consume

lipids: essential fatty acids

Linoleic- C18:2

Linolenic C18:3

Arachidonic C20:4

Monogastric animals require a minimum of 1% of dietary essential fatty acids in the diet

Lipids order of fat deposition in the body

1 internal

2 Intermuscular - scam fat

3 Subcutaneous - below skin surface

4 Intramuscular - marbling

Lipids Feed Application

Primary Function:

-Increase energy content of diet

Secondary Functions:

-Control dust

-Bonds small particles

- Maintenance of equipment

See table in notes on page 23

Minreals Functions

-Growth and development of bones, teeth and soft tissues

-Regulation of cell acid base balance

-Component of enzymes

-Regulation of body properties (viscosity)

-Immune function

Minerals Major *conditional

Worried in all species:

1. Calcium

2. Phosphorus

* Potassium

* Chlorine

* Sulfur

* Magnesium

Sodium

Minerals (Minor or Trace)

-Iron (red dirt)

* Copper (reproduction)

*Iodine

* Selenium

*Zinc

-Manganese

-Cobalt

-Fluorine

-Part/ million or billion

Minerals- Feed application

-Inorganic sources: Sulfates vs. Oxides (cheaper)

-Organic sources: Chelates, proteinates (more bio available)

Vitamins- Fat Soluble

-A- vision

-D- calcium and Phosphorus (absorption)

-E- antioxidant (prevent oxidation)

-K- Blood coagulation

Horses need Vitamin K

Vitamins- Water Soluble

-Vitamin B complex

-Vitamin C

Determination of the Nutrient Value of Feeds

Evaluating feedstuffs:

-Chemical Analyses: Attempt to subdivide feed sample into general nutrient groups and determine the relative % of each component group of the total

--Principal Problem: Actual utilization of nutrient groups by animal is not determined