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Imperialism
A policy pursued by nations to extend their power and influence beyond national borders. This expansion can occur through various means, including diplomatic negotiations with other countries, military conquests during conflicts, or establishing economic dominance over foreign territories.
John Hay
The United States Secretary of State from 1898 until 1905, known for his instrumental role in developing and promoting the Open Door Policy, which aimed to guarantee equal trade opportunities for all foreign nations in China and prevent any single country from monopolizing trade access.
Open Door Policy
A diplomatic strategy initiated by the United States in 1899, which sought to ensure that all foreign powers in China were given equal access to trade. This policy aimed to protect American economic interests while hindering colonial dominance by any single nation in the lucrative Chinese market.
Boxer Rebellion
An uprising against foreign influence in China that took place between 1899 and 1901, characterized by anti-foreign sentiment and a desire to expel foreign powers and their privileges. The movement was fueled by a complex mix of economic distress and nationalist fervor.
Guano Islands Act
A 1856 U.S. federal law that enabled American citizens to claim uninhabited islands that contained guano, a fertilizer essential to agriculture. This act represented the era's expansionist attitudes, allowing the acquisition of strategically significant territories.
Hawaii
A group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, annexed by the United States in 1898. Its strategic positioning was crucial for military operations and economic pursuits, particularly highlighted during significant conflicts like the Spanish-American War and World War II.
Porfirio Díaz
The President of Mexico from 1876 to 1911, recognized for establishing a lengthy authoritarian regime that favored foreign investments. His administration led to considerable economic advancements but also stoked social unrest and dissatisfaction among the populace.
Victoriano Huerta
A Mexican general who seized power via a coup in 1913, gaining notoriety for his oppressive governance and authoritarian rule. His leadership prompted U.S. intervention due to widespread reports of human rights abuses and undemocratic practices.
Venustiano Carranza
A leading figure in the Mexican Revolution who became president in 1917 and is celebrated for drafting the 1917 Constitution. This constitution introduced landmark reforms to address numerous social injustices that had long afflicted Mexico.
Pancho Villa
A key revolutionary leader in Mexico known for his vigorous opposition to both the Mexican government and U.S. interventions. He became infamous for conducting raids into the U.S., which heightened American military involvement in Mexican affairs.
John J. Pershing
A U.S. Army general famous for leading an expedition into Mexico in 1916 with the objective of capturing the revolutionary leader, Pancho Villa. His military pursuits were triggered by Villa's violent raids across the border.
Spanish-American War
A pivotal conflict occurring in 1898 between Spain and the United States, resulting in the U.S. acquisition of territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. This war marked a significant shift towards greater American engagement in international affairs.
Philippine-American War
A conflict from 1899 to 1902 between the United States and Filipino insurgents who opposed American rule following the Spanish-American War. This war highlighted the complex debates surrounding U.S. imperialism and governance.
Valeriano Weyler
A Spanish general recognized for implementing harsh tactics against the Cuban insurgents during their rebellion against Spain. His use of concentration camps and brutal measures spurred American sympathy towards the Cuban cause and contributed to U.S. military involvement in the war.
U.S.S. Maine
An American battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898, an event that served as a significant precursor to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War. The incident was sensationalized in the media, fueling public demand for military action against Spain.
Yellow Journals
Publications characterized by their sensationalist journalism that exaggerated news stories to stimulate public interest and support for U.S. military involvement in conflicts such as the Spanish-American War. This style of reporting significantly influenced public opinion during that time.
Rough Riders
A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War. They are renowned for their famous charge up San Juan Hill in Cuba, which exemplified American bravery and determination during the war.
Treaty of Paris of 1898
The agreement that officially ended the Spanish-American War, resulting in the transfer of key territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from Spain to the United States, significantly reshaping territorial boundaries and marking a new era in U.S. foreign policy.
Emilio Aguinaldo
A significant leader in the quest for Filipino independence, known for his roles against Spanish colonialism and later against American imperial rule. His contributions were instrumental during the Philippine-American War.
Anti-Imperialist League
A coalition formed to oppose U.S. annexation of the Philippines and other territories, comprising members who argued that such actions contradicted foundational democratic values and the principles of self-governance.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
A distinguished U.S. naval officer and historian whose writings emphasized the critical role of naval power in national security and global influence. His theories influenced U.S. foreign policy development in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Big Stick Diplomacy
A foreign policy strategy associated with Theodore Roosevelt, emphasizing the importance of military strength in diplomacy. The approach is summarized by the phrase 'speak softly and carry a big stick,' highlighting the balance between peaceful negotiations and the implicit threat of military action.
Dollar Diplomacy
President Taft's approach to foreign relations that aimed to promote U.S. interests abroad through economic means, such as investment and loans, rather than military intervention. This strategy focused on strengthening economic and political ties with other nations.
Roosevelt Corollary
A significant extension of the Monroe Doctrine articulated by Theodore Roosevelt, asserting the U.S. right to intervene in Latin American affairs to maintain stability and protect American interests. This policy profoundly influenced relations between the U.S. and its Latin American neighbors.
Chinese Exclusion Act
A legislative act passed in 1882 that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States, reflecting the era's racial prejudices and economic fears as many Americans perceived Chinese immigrants as competition for jobs.
Gentlemen's Agreement
An informal arrangement established in 1907 between the United States and Japan intended to limit Japanese immigration to the U.S. The agreement sought to address tensions surrounding Japanese immigration while ensuring fair treatment of Japanese nationals already residing within the U.S.
