Nutrition - Fat Soluble Vitamins

fats and fat solvents

What are fat-soluble vitamins soluble in

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What atoms do fat-soluble vitamins contain

yes

Do fat-soluble vitamins have precursors or provitamins

lymphatic system

how are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed

no, just on regular basis not daily

is daily intake critical? when are they needed?

they get stored

what happens to excess of daily needs of fat-soluble vitamins

slow

deficiency symptoms are _______ to develop

A, D, E, K

what are the fat-soluble vitamins

yes

can fat-soluble vitamins be toxic at low levels

retinol

what lipid alcohol is vitamin A related to

plants and lower organisms

what produces carotenoids

carotenoids

what is provitamin a

refer to retinol, its metabolites and analogs

what are retinoids

retinol, retinyl ester, retinal, retinoic acid

what are the naturally occuring retinoids

food, stores

what is retinyl ester good for

circulation

what is retinol good for

vision

what is retinal good for

gene expression

what is retinoic acid good for

based on where and why they are needed

how/why does the body change between retinoid forms

lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin

what carotenoids do not have vitamin a activity

10%

what percent of carotenoids are involved with vitamin a activity

margarine and butter

fats/oils/sweets of vit a

cheese and fortified milk

dairy products of vit a

liver and eggs

meat of vit a

carrots, broccoli, spinach, squash, sweet potatoes

vegetables high in vit a

peaches, apricots, cantaloupes, mangoes, papaya

fruits high in vit a

fortified breakfast cereal

grains of vit a

liver, milk, cheese, egg

vit a main food sources

yellow/orange vegetables and green leafy vegetables

carotenoids main food sources

cell division/ cell differentiation

biological roles of retinoic acid (vit a)

vision, reproduction

biological roles of vit a that do not include retinoic acid

bone growth, immune system regulation, antioxidant

biological roles of vit a

vit a deficiency

symptoms: night blindness, keratinization of eyes tissue and cornea, xerosis, bitot's spot, skin changes/toads skin, changes in bones and nerves, increased infection risk, intestinal mucosa damage (malabsorption)

effects of vit a on epithelial cells

upper respiratory infections, intestinal infections, diarrhea, blindness

night blindness

what is the first sign of vit a deficiency

acute vit a toxicty

symptoms: headache, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness

chronic vit a toxicity

symptoms: erythema, eczema, pruritus, dry/cracked skin, angular cheilitis, conjunctivitis, palmar and plantar peeling, alopecia, pain and tenderness of long bones, epiphyseal capping, premature epiphyseal closure, blurred vision, frontal headache

frontal headache

what is the first sign of chronic vit a toxicity

fetal malformation

what does vit a toxicity lead to in pregnant people/animals

increased bone resorption

development of osteoporosis

what does elevated levels of vit a cause

polar bear liver

fatality

what do eskimos eat that has 6000 mg of vit a in it? what does it lead to?

liver

where are retinoids stored

hepatocytes

what can be damaged when using acne tx with retinoids

acne tx

retinoic acid analog

what is accutane/isotretinoin

severe birth defects

what does accutane cause

6 months after stopping treatment

when can women get pregnant relating to retinoid acne treatment

25000 iu/kg

what is an acute dose of vit a toxicity

4000 iu/kg/day

what is a chronic dose of vit a toxicity

3 years after treatment

can people on retinoid treatments give blood? when can they?

3 years post treatment

when can people on retinoid treatments (not acne related) can pregnant?

acitretin

example of synthetic retinoid

1922, first in rats

when was vit e determined as essential for reproduction

to bear offspring

what does tocopherol (vit e) mean in greek

plant oils and salad dressing

fats/oils/sweets of vit e

nuts, seeds, shrimp, peanut butter

meat/ etc. of vit e

cabbage, sweet potatoes, asparagus

vegetables high in vit e

apples and avocados

fruit high in vit e

wheat germ/whole grains, some fortified breakfast cereals

grains for vit e

8

how many isoforms of vit e are there

tocopherols and tocotrienols

what works synergistically together for best vit e benefit

green olives, spices (chili, paprika)

good sources of vit e

15 mg/day alpha-tocopherol

ul: 1000 mg/day

what is the rda of vit e? upper limit?

5-20 mg/day

how many mg of vit e is in a typical american diet

antioxidant, immunity, dna repair, prevent hemolysis of RBC

roles of vit e

rare

is vit e deficiency rare or common in adults

vit e deficiency

symptoms: infants fed commericial formula-> irritabilty, edema, hemolytic anemia

severe neurological abnormalities

prevented w vit e supplementation

what is abetalipoproteinemia and how is it prevented

premature vlbw infants, individuals with fat malabsorption or rare genetic disorders

who needs extra vit e

pancreatic enzyme deficiency, crohns, celiac, liver disease, surgical removal of parts of gi, bariatric surgery patients

examples of fat malabsorption

after 1200 iu or 800 a-te/day

when do side effects start for vit e toxicity

acute vit e toxicity

symptoms: nausea, headache, fatigue, easy bruising/bleeding, inhibition of platelet aggregation, diplopia/double vision, muscle weakness, creatinuria

chronic vit e toxicity

symptoms: suppression of antioxidants and increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke

decreased platelet adhesion, increased clotting times

vit e toxicity symptoms at over 3000 a-te

gi complaints, creatinuria, blood coagulation impairment

vit e toxicity symptoms at 1000-3000 a-te

vit d

fat-soluble vitamin present in few foods, added to some foods and available as a dietary supplement

from uv rays from sunlight

triggers vit d synthesis

how Is vit d produced endrogenously and what does this trigger in the skin

calciferol

what is vit d also referred to as

d

functions of vit_____: bone health, immune health

meat, fish, cheese, mushrooms, eggs, butter

foods of vit d

EVERY PART

parts of body vit d affects

breastfed infants, oldies, limited sun exposure, individuals with dark skin, limited fat absorption, gastric bypass surgery

who is at risk of vit d deficiency

mild vit d deficiency

symptoms: mood change, bone loss muscles cramps, joint pain, fatigue

severe vit d deficiency

symptoms: rickets

vit d, calcium, phosphorus

what is also deficient with rickets

mild vit d toxicity

symptoms: nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, dehydration, hypercalcemia

severe vit d toxicity

symptoms: renal failure, calcification of soft tissues, cardiac arrythmias, dead

clotting and coagulation

function of vit k

to prevent hemmorhagic disease of the newborn (hdn)

why are babies given vit k injections

1929

henrik dam

hes danish

when and who discovered benefit of vit k

prothrombin -> thrombin -> fibrinogen -> fibrin

vit k is a precursor to ____, _____, _____, _______

vit k food sources

kale, scallions, cabbage, brussel sprouts, prunes, salad greens, cucumbers, broccoli, dried basil, asparagus

coumadin/warfarin

what interferes with vit k

make vit k

what can gut bacteria do

osteocalcin

bone mineralization

what bone protein does vit k activate and what does it do

No

should coumadin patients eat a diet high in vit K

breastfed newborns, antibiotic use, fat malabsorption, drug interference

what/who is vit k deficiency associated with

no

is vit k deficiency common in adults

formula-fed infants (double dosages)

vit k injection pts

who does vit k toxicity mainly affect

vit k toxicity

symptoms: jaundice in infants, hemolytic anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, little effect of anticoagulants

no

does it take a lot of vit k to cause toxicity in infants