exam review

sensation

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

transduction

the conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

who discorded absouslt threshold and diference threshold

Gustave fechner, a German psychologist

absolute threshold

the minimum stmiluls that allows an organism to just barely de detected

drop of perform differed in a six room apartment

difference threshold

the detachable difference between two stimulus that can be detected

signal detection analysis

technique used to determine the ability of the perceives separate signals from the background noise

sensitivity (signal detection )

The ability to detect a signal amidst noise, reflecting how effectively an observer can discern true signals from false alarms.

response bias (signal detection)

tendency to respond yes

webers law

maintains the noticeable difference of a stimuli and is a concept portion of the orginal intention of the stimulus

perception

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to recognize meaningful objects and events.

bottom up process

sensory information from a stimulus in the environment driving a process (not in your control)

top down

in your control. knowledge and expectancy driving a process

sensory adaption

a process where by a simulation of sensory cells reads to reduced response

not noticing the tag ictching you, on your shit after a while

inattenional blindness

completing not noticing something that is visible because you were paying attain to something else

amplitude

the wave distance from the centre line to the top point

wavelength

the length of the wave

frequency

the number of waves that pass a give point in a given time period measured in Hz

decibles

measures the loudness

timbre

a sounds fruity and is affected by the complex interplay of frequency. amplitude, and the timing of sound waves

electromagnetic spectrum

all the radiation that occurs in an environment (X-ray, visible light, microwaves radio waves )

cornea

what light is transmitted across, the transparent covering over the eye

pupil

small opening in the eye, light passes through and the size can change

iris

the coloured part of your eye and the muscle connected controls the pupil size

forea

the small indentation in the back of the eye and is part of the retina

retina

the light sensitive lining of the eye and contains the receptor cells

rods

used for periphery and night vision

cones

used for central and colour vision

the optic nerve

carries visual information from the retina to the brain

the blind spot

even when light is focused this spot still can not see

visual pathway

optic nerve from eye to eye that merges just below the brain

what pathway

object recognition and identification

where/how pathway

location in space and how one might interact with the particular visual stimulus

laterl geniculate

a cluster of neurons in the thalamus

trichromatic theory

three different receptors from colour each responding to different wavelengths of light blurred and green

opponent process theory

colour is coded n oppenant pairs like black-white

colour blindness

fail to see colour

monochromatic

only see black white and grey

binocular

use of both eyes

binocular disparity

slightly different stimuli record by retina of each eye provides us with binocular cues

monocular cues

rely on one eye

pinna

the bible part of the ear. outer wave sounds travel threw this part

tympanic membrane

sound waves enter the ear and deflect off of this

malleus, incus, stapes

viberations set in motion through theses

semicular canal

blance and movement

cochlea

fluid filled chain that contains the sensory receptor cells for the auditory system

temporal theory

pitch perception asserts the frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron

place theory

different asserts the frequency is coded by the activity level of sensory nuron

monaural cue

helpful in loaning sounds that occur above or below and in front or behind us

binaural cues

provides information of the location of sound along the axis

inetroural level different

refers to the fact that a sound coming from the right side of the body is more intense in the right eye

interna. timing diffenrece

the small differences in time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear

conductive hearing loss

due to a problem delivering sound energy to the cochlea causes hearing loss blockage to the ear canal

sensorineural hearing loss

caused by dying, head or caustic trauma, infections, medications, and exposure of sounds

olfactory recepto cells

located in the mucous membrane at the top of the nose, serves a sit of odour molecules that dissolved in the mucus

olfactory bulb

structure at the top of the frontal lobe where the nerves begin

messiness corpuscles

responds to pressure and low vibrations

penicillin corpuscles

detects transient pressure and high vibrations

markers disks

responds the light pressure

ruffing corpuscles

detects stanstined pressure

inflammatory pain

pain that signals some type pf tissue damage

neuropathic pain

signals sent to the brain about image to the PNS and the CNS

congenital insensitivity to pain

when individuals are born without the ability to feel pain

vestibular sense

contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture located next to the cochlea

proprioception

perception of body position

kinaesthesia

perception of the body’s movement through space

gestalt prinicple of perception

believed that perception helps us add meaning to visual information by organizing it

figure good relationship

structure input so that we always see a figure against a background

similarity

things that are similar to another trend to be grouped together

proximity

group near by figures together

continuity

perkier stimuli in smooth continuous ways rather then in more dicounties ways

closure

find gaps in an incomplete image to create a complete image

consciousness

describes our awareness of inter and external things

feeling thristy, hungry or sleepy

seeing light form the sun, feeling warmth in a room

divided attention

tastes allows us to determine how well individuals can attend to many sources of information at once

spatial attetnoion

focus on one part of our environment and how were move attention to other location

selective attention

some information is attended to while other information is intentionally blocked out

biological rhythms

internal rhythms

cicadrian rhythms

biolgacl rhythm that takes place in 24 hour periods

suprachimastic nucleus (SCN)

the brain clock mechanism

the axon of light sestivie in the retina provides information for the sun based n the amount of light present allowing the internal clock to work

what brain structures are involved with sleep

thalamus, hypothalamus, pons and scn

restorivate theory

hopes that sleep restores our bodies and brain

adaptive theory

organisms sleep for the purpose of self preservation to keep away from predators

sleep deprivation

reduce montances of attention, make designs and recall memiores

REM sleep

darting movements of he eye under closed eyelids

brain appears very similar to brain waves during wakefulness

non REM sleep

vacation in brain waves identfying a phase of wakefulness

the stages of sleep

state 1: transition into sleep (slow down in respiration and heart beat

stage 2: harder to wake (body goes into a state of relaxation, body twitches, and frequency brain waves)

stage 3 and 4: deepest sleep (stage is characterized by low frequency, high completed delta waves)

stage 5:REM sleep

manifest content

the actual content of the storyline in the dream

latent content

hidden meaning of a dream

what psychologist made the theories of dreams

sigmund freud

insomnia

difficult time falling or staying asleep. the most common sleep disorder

cognition behavioural therapy

focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviours

parasomnia

a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted disruptive motor activity and/or experience during sleep

sleep apnea

cannot resist falling asleep at any time,

cataplexy

the lack of muscle weakness and some cases invades complete paralysis of the muscles

associative learning

occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli in events that occur together in the environment

non associative learning

learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli

classical conditioning

same responds to different stimuli

operant condtioing

response based on what will follow

observational learning

response based on observation of others

habituation

related presentation of a stimulus that leads to reduction in response