Studied by 3 peoplebill of rights
first ten amendments in the constitution, provides civil liberties
civil liberties
protecting people from the government, individual rights
civil rights
protects individuals from discrimination, minority group rights
establishment clause
government can’t establish one religion
free exercise clause
people can freely exercise their religion
symbolic speech
nonverbal action that communicates an idea or belief
clear and present danger
speech can be limited by government if it presents a “clear and prsent danger”
prior restraint
surpreme court can surpress materials that would be published/broadcasted, especially if it threatens national security
selective incorporation
extending the bill of rights to the states to protect civil liberties
due process
state governments cant attack peoples right to life liberty or property
miranda rule
the accused must be informed of their 6th amendment rights
exclusionary rule
illegally seized evidence by law enforcement that violates the 4th amendment can’t be used in prosecution
title xi
no sex discrimination in educational activities, especially sports
affirmative action
government uses this to promote and improve opportunities for underrepresented minority groups mainly in workplace and education
de jure v de facto segregation
de jure: by law
de facto: by fact (ie housing patterns)
benchmark polls
conducted by campaigns to have a baseline to compare to later polls to see if a canidates chance of winning are increasing or decreasing
tracking polls
surveying the same issue over a time period to see changes in opinion
exit polls
used by media outlets to determine voter election results before the ballots are officially casted
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