Taxonomy

Taxonomy 

classifying characteristics of organisms

Carolus Linneaus 

swedish botanist made physical characteristic taxonomy in 1700s

How have we improved since Carolus Linneaus taxonomy system

Use genetic and biochemical information to classify organism

Taxonomy hierarchal system

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Taxa

The different groups of classification, sing. Taxon

Species

Species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

three types of taxonomical evidence and why

See how closely related they are, Anatomical evidence, physiological evidence, DNA evidence

Anatomical evidence

Do structures look the same

Physiological evidence

Do proteins, enzymes, molecules in cell work the same

DNA evidence

How genetically related are the genes and proteins they make, ie how similar is DNA location

three domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, bac and arc are names of kingdoms as well

Eukarya 4 kingdoms

Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

What are domains based on

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Prokaryote domains and why

Bacteria and archaea because they lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, and are smaller 

traits of eukarya

Nuclear membrane, have golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum unlike prokaryote

Other names for bacteria

Monera or Eubacteria

Why are viruses not living organisms and unclassified

Has nucleic acids but only reproduce in host, no cells, cannot make proteins by themself, cannot use energy, without host simply group of chemicals

Aristotle

Developed first method of classification based on habitat

Genus

Consist group of related species

Binomial Nonmenclature

System gives organisms two names

Three species concept to classify in taxonomy

Biological species concept, morphological species concept, phylogenetic species concept

Biological species concept

breed and produce fertile offspring, only works for living sexually reproducing organisms

Morphological species concept

Compare physical descriptions + measurements, used for plants or sexually reproducing organisms

Phylogenetic species concept

Looks for evolutionary relationships between organisms. USUALLY based on DNA studies or fossil evidence

Dichotomous keys

Ask yes/no questions to classify new organism, ask based on known characteristics of organism

Other way dichotomous keys can be shown

Branching tree diagram, start with multicelluar? tissues? Radial symmetry? Bilateral symmetry? 

Who developed binomial naming

Carolus Linneaus

How to name binomial nonmenclature

Genus then species, itacilized or underlind, Genus is capitalized, species lowercase,

Why use bionomial nonmenclature

Universal language standard bc different in every language

Physical structure of virus 

nucleic acid core: capsid/protein coat, genetic material RNA/DNA but not both, 

lytic cycle

attach to host, ingrain dna in cell, replicate take over, assembly of new viruses then release

can viruses be helpful

Attack disease bacteria, bacteriophages can destroy bacteria but not human cells, insert ‘good genes’ into genetic diseases, introduce desired traits in plants and animals

Lysogenic cycle 

insert genome into host reproduce genome for long time until activation trigger to lytic cycle

meaning of archaea

early or primitive

Thought for origins of archaea

evolved from first living organism on Earth

How is archaea different from bacteria

originally classified as bacteria, biochemical and genetic info reveal that different ash, cell walls NOT made of peptidogly like bacteria, and theyre found everywhere, live in extreme environments unlike bacteria

characteristics of archaea

prokaryotes, have nucleid region lack organelles, do not require oxygen, anaerobic, no photosynthesis but from organic molecules or sun

Anaerobic

No oxygen

3 types of archaea

Methanogens, halophiles, thermoacidophiles,

Methanogens

anti oxygen in marshes, sewage plants, intestines of plant eating like cows, grow on co2 or hydrogen gas, produce methane as waste product

halophiles

salty environments, ex dead sea

Thermoacidophiles

heat + acid, pH 1 or 2 habitats, hot sulfur springs, volcanoes, deep sea vents, mine drainage lakes

use of methanogens

digest sewage and oil spills, methane used as alternative energy source

Thermus aquaticus

Heat resistant enzyme used make copies of small samples of DNA

heterotroph

living organism who eat other living organisms for energy

µm

millionth of a meter

how is archaea classified

based on metabolism

How is bacteria classified

their shape and colony groupings, their cell wall structure, sources of food or metabolism 

Bacterial shapes

Cocci, bacillus, spirrillium

cocci

sphere shaped bacteria

bacillus

rod shapes bacteria

spirrillium

spiral shaped bacteria

colony shapes in bacteria

diplo, staphylo, strepto

diplo

Cells arranged in pairs

Staphylo

Arranged in grape looking clusters

strepto

cells arranged in chain

gram negative

thin layer of cell wall protein, make pink stain bacteria

gram positive

Thick cell wall protein stain purple bacteria

four groups organizing how organisms consume food sources

photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs

photoautotrophs

use light energy for photosynthesis get carbon from CO2

Photoheterotrophs

consume other organisms to get carbon and light energy

Chemoautotrophs

Get energy by breaking bonds in innorganic molecules like ammonia and hydrogen sulphide

Chemoheterotrophs

get both their carbon and energy from eating organic molecules like sugar made of carbon and hydrogen (C + H)

cillia 

tiny hairs on surface of cell beat and move the cell

binary fission

bacteria reproduction asexual copy genetic info from DNA loop then splits into two daughter cells

conjugation

bacteria share DNA sexually transfer plasmid DNA loop to another

endospores

dormant cell no life, resistant to environmental stresses like high temperatures, irradiation, strong acids, disinfectants

beneficial bacteria

decomposers, digestion, clean toxins seep into soil and water

how many species of protista

200 000

characteristics of protists

all eukaryotes, most aerobic single-celled, live in moist environment

Three major protista phyla

Animal-like ie protozoa, plant-like ie algae/protophyta, fungus like ie moulds

animal like (protozoan) characteristics, 

heterotrophs, unicellular

how are animal like protists (protozoan) classified

how they move and where they live

classification of animal like protists (protozoa)

flagellates, pseudopods, cilates, sporozoans (most parasites)

flagellates

zooflagellates, motorboats, freshwater or marine habitats, self sufficient, flagella, some cause disease like Giarda/amblia cause upset stomach prominent in Ontario lakes

pseudopods 

sarcodines, free living blobs, no cell wall, move using pseudopods/plasma extensions, engulf food by phagocytosis, reproduce by binary fission 

Phagocytosis

flowing around food particles to eat

ciliate

hairy ones ie paremecium, freash water, marine habitats, cillia, reproduce usually binary fission, but also conjugation

sporazoans

parasites, non-motile, must have host, one type cause malaria,

non-motile 

Do not move on their own

malaria

reproduce in liver binary fission, liver get full and burst out travel in blood until mosquito bites again

characteristics of plant like protists

protophyta, autotrophic/photosynthetic, uni,multicellular or live in colonies

four main groups of plant like protists

algae, euglena, diatoms, dinoflagellates

algae 

Uni or multicellular, photosynthetic have chlorophyll, red, green or brown, no roots, stems or leaves

euglena

aquatic, animal like move, photosynthetic in light, heterotrophic in dark, asexual binary fission

diatoms

Silica glass like shells, photosynthetic pigments called carotenoids give golden color, crushed diatoms ie can kill ants

dinoflagellates

spin around using flagella, flagella look like rowing a boat, red tides dangerous form toxins kill animals and people

fungus like protists characteristics

moulds, heterotrophic, feed on dead animals and animals, cool damp habitats, dont need water but moisture, cell walls, reproduce with spores, 

two groups of fungus like protists/moulds

slime moulds, water moulds

what are fungi evolutionarily closer to

animals than to pants

fungi characteristics

chitin (stuff fingernails) cell wall, eukaryotes, most multicellular but yeast are unicellular, heterotrophs, no brain, large fungal networks, decomposer called saprophyte

How do fungi eat

extracellular digestion, releasing digestive enzyme into surroundings to absorb nutrients into cell, must live or near food

two main parts of fungi structure

Hyphae, and mycelium

Hyphae

fine filament network make bodt, frow in different direction get different names, eat this part top

Mycelium

branching network of hyphae that grow together undergound, largest organism bottom

how do fungi reproduce

one cycle sexual other asexual

Two types of asexual fungi reproduction

Spores, fragmentation

Spores

can w/ mitosis, windblown reproductive cells grow iin suitable environment

Fragmentation

piece of hyphae break off grow into mycelia bc maybe environmental stressor tear apart grow somewhere else

why would fungi sexually reproduce

hot or dry environment sex make genetically diverse spores