Abnormal Behavior, Diagnosis, Ethics, and Substance-Related Disorders - Vocabulary Flashcards (Video Notes)

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards drawn from the lecture notes, covering abnormal behavior, history of psychiatric thought, assessment/diagnosis, ethics, and substance-related disorders.

Abnormal behavior

In clinical practice, behavior equated with a psychological disorder; in general, behavior that deviates from what is normal in a given situation.

Psychological disorder

A psychological dysfunction in an individual that causes distress or impairment and is not typical or culturally expected.

Psychological dysfunction

A breakdown or disturbance in mental processes that affects thinking, feeling, or behaving in a way that is unhealthy or maladaptive.

Psychological functioning

How well a person thinks, feels, and behaves in daily life.

Distress

Emotional, social, spiritual, or physical pain or suffering.

Impairment

Reduction or loss in a person’s ability to function effectively in daily life.

Atypical or not culturally expected

Unusual behavior alone isn’t enough to define abnormality; norms vary across cultures.

Distress and/or impairment

Key criteria in defining abnormality, referring to emotional suffering and/or reduced daily functioning.

Cultural relativity of abnormality

What counts as a violation of norms varies greatly across cultures; abnormality is not universal.

Supernatural model

Abnormal behavior attributed to demons, witches, possession, or spirits; exorcisms used in treatment.

Biological model

Mental disorders explained by biological factors such as brain pathology, heredity, and bodily imbalances.

Psychological model

Abnormality arising from learning, cognition, unconscious conflicts, and maladaptive patterns.

Biopsychosocial model

An integrative framework recognizing biological, psychological, and social factors as interdependent contributors to psychopathology.

Humoral theory

Ancient idea that disorders arise from imbalances in four bodily fluids (humors).

Four humors

Blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.

Hippocrates on mental illness

Linked mental illness to brain function; emphasized biological and environmental factors; introduced early neurobiological thinking.

Galen

Influenced biological psychiatry by expanding Hippocrates’ ideas on humors and brain function.

Syphilis and general paresis

Discovery showing a biological cause of psychosis, linking infection to mental illness.

Germ theory

Idea that disease is caused by microorganisms; spurred biological approaches in psychiatry.

Moral therapy

Humane treatments in asylums aimed at reforming behavior and improving conditions.

DSM-I

First edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1952).

DSM-II

Second edition of the DSM (1968).

Systematic desensitization

Behavioral therapy by Wolpe using gradual exposure to reduce anxiety.

MMPI

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; a widely used personality assessment.

Rorschach test

Projective test using inkblots to assess personality and psychopathology.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Projective test where individuals tell stories about ambiguous pictures.

Sentence Completion

Projective test involving completing prompts to reveal underlying thoughts and feelings.

Drawings assessment

Projective drawing tasks used to infer personality or psychopathology.

16PF

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire; a self-report personality inventory.

WAIS-IV

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition; cognitive assessment for adults.

WISC-V

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition; cognitive assessment for children.

SB5

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition; cognitive ability assessment.

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

Nonverbal test of abstract reasoning and general intelligence.

Test types comparison

Projective tests explore unconscious processes; inventories and IQ tests are more standardized.

Unstructured interview

Free-form interview without a fixed set of questions.

Semi-structured interview

Interview with a mix of fixed questions and flexible prompts for depth.

Mental Status Exam (MSE)

Structured assessment of appearance, behavior, speech, mood/affect, thought, perception, cognition, insight, and judgment.

Appearance (MSE)

Observations on grooming, dress, hygiene, and overall presentation.

Behavior (MSE)

Activity level, posture, facial expressions, and interactions.

Speech (MSE)

Rate, volume, tone, fluency, and coherence of speech.

Mood and Affect (MSE)

Mood is self-reported; Affect is observed; should be congruent with mood.

Thought Process (MSE)

Organization and flow of thoughts; logical vs. disorganized.

Thought Content (MSE)

Delusions, obsessions, preoccupations.

Perception (MSE)

Presence of hallucinations or perceptual disturbances.

Cognition (MSE)

Orientation, attention, memory, and cognitive functions.

Abstract Thinking (MSE)

Ability to understand abstract concepts and proverbs.

Insight (MSE)

Awareness and understanding of one’s condition.

Judgment (MSE)

Ability to make sound decisions; often assessed via scenarios.

Client vs. patient

In psychology, client is common in counseling; patient is common in medical/psychiatric settings.

DSM-5-TR

The current DSM edition used for diagnostic criteria (as referenced in notes).

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)

Chronic pattern of problematic alcohol use meeting criteria within 12 months.

Alcohol withdrawal

Symptoms that occur after stopping heavy, prolonged alcohol use.

Alcohol-induced mental disorders

Mental disorders caused by alcohol use (depression, anxiety, psychosis).

Alcohol intoxication

Temporary effects after recent drinking, including impairment and change in behavior.

Cannabis Use Disorder

Problematic pattern of cannabis use causing impairment or distress.

Cannabis intoxication

Acute cannabis effects after use, including euphoria, anxiety, and perceptual changes.

Cannabis withdrawal

Symptoms that occur after stopping cannabis use (not always clinically required for diagnosis).

Hallucinogens (classic)

Substances like LSD or psilocybin that primarily alter perception; distinct from PCP in criteria.

Phencyclidine (PCP) Use Disorder

Use disorder for PCP; PCP has distinct clinical features (dissociation, aggression) separating it from classic hallucinogens.

Hallucinogen Use Disorder

Problematic use of hallucinogens other than PCP leading to impairment or distress.

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder

Recurrent perceptual disturbances after hallucinogen use.

Inhalant Use Disorder

Problematic pattern of inhalant use leading to impairment.

Inhalant intoxication

Acute intoxication with inhalants; symptoms include dizziness, nystagmus, incoordination.

Opioid Use Disorder

Problematic opioid use causing impairment or distress.

Opioid intoxication

Euphoria followed by apathy or dysphoria with physiological signs after opioid use.

Opioid withdrawal

Symptoms after stopping opioids (dysphoric mood, nausea, muscle aches, yawning, sweating, etc.).

Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Use Disorder

Problematic use of sedatives, hypnotics, or anxiolytics causing impairment.

Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic intoxication

Acute intoxication with sedatives/hypnotics/anxiolytics; behavioral changes and cognitive impairment.

Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic withdrawal

Withdrawal syndrome after cessation of sedatives/hypnotics/anxiolytics.

Stimulant Use Disorder

Problematic use of stimulant drugs (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines) causing impairment.

Stimulant intoxication

Acute stimulant effects (e.g., tachycardia, dilated pupils, agitation).

Stimulant withdrawal

Dysphoric mood and physiological changes after stopping stimulant use.

Stimulant-induced mental disorders

Mental disorders induced by stimulant use (psychiatric symptoms caused by stimulants).

Unspecified Stimulant-Related Disorder

Stimulant-related symptoms that don’t meet full criteria for a specific disorder.

Tobacco Use Disorder

Problematic tobacco use causing impairment or distress.

Tobacco withdrawal

Withdrawal symptoms after stopping nicotine/tobacco use.

Tobacco-induced disorder

Mental or physical health problems caused by tobacco use.

Other (or Unknown) Substance-Related Disorder

Use disorder for substances not in main categories; includes unknown substances.

Gambling Disorder

Persistent gambling behavior causing clinically significant impairment or distress (4+ criteria in 12 months).

Substance-use disorder etiology

Multifactorial origins: genetics, environment, development, psychology, and neurobiology.

Withdrawal management

First step in SUD treatment; stopping the substance and managing withdrawal symptoms.

ACT (Assertive Community Treatment)

Community-based, individualized mental health services.

CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)

Therapy focusing on identifying and changing negative thoughts and behaviors.

Family Therapy

Therapy addressing family dynamics to support recovery.

Therapeutic Communities (TCs)

Long-term residential programs emphasizing healthier values and behaviors.

PAP Code of Ethics

Ethical code for Philippine psychologists and psychometricians; revised in 2009 and updated later.

Informed consent

Permission obtained with clear understanding of nature, goals, risks, and use of information.

Confidentiality

Protection of client information; limits of disclosure and secure storage.

Limitations of confidentiality

Legal, institutional, or safety reasons may restrict confidentiality; inform clients upfront.

Dual relationships

Avoiding exploitative or romantic relationships with clients.

Termination of therapy

Ending therapy when goals are met, not beneficial, or risk of harm exists.

Vulnerable populations

Special considerations for consent and confidentiality among minors or groups with limited autonomy.

Ethical re-education recommendations

Ongoing study of PAP/PRC/UN principles and related acts (e.g., RA 10029, RA 11036, RA 10912).

Developmental theories (Piaget, Erikson, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Freud, Bowlby, Gilligan)

Theories explaining how development influences behavior, emotion, and thought across the lifespan.

Genetic contributions (Integrative model)

Psychiatric disorders influenced by thousands of genetic variants and synaptic function changes.

Diathesis–stress model

Genetic vulnerability (diathesis) interacts with life stress to produce disorder.

Gene–environment correlation

Genetic predispositions influence the types of environments individuals encounter.

Copy number variants (CNVs)

DNA sequence variations affecting the number of copies of a region; linked to mood and anxiety symptoms.

Nervous system role in disorders

Brain structures and neurotransmitters influence emotion, memory, and behavior.

Amygdala

Brain region involved in emotion regulation and fear responses.