IB Geo Quiz: Review Material, Options A,E, and Core topic 1

Drainage Basin Definition

An open system where all water drains into a larger body of water.

Drainage Basin Inputs

Precipitation type and intensity.

Drainage Basin Outputs

Evaporation and transpiration.

Overland Flow

Water flowing over the land surface into streams.

Base Flow

Groundwater flow sustaining river discharge between precipitation events.

IB Concept Definition

An abstract, timeless, and universal idea combining core characteristics.

IB Context Definition

The circumstances surrounding an event or idea.

IB Content Definition

The specific information and knowledge that need to be studied.

Core Geographic Concept - Place

Defined by social, economic, cultural, and physical characteristics and perceptions.

Core Geographic Concept - Processes

Physical and/or human factors causing change over various scales.

Core Geographic Concept - Power

Demonstrated via economic, social, political, and natural forces affecting change.

Core Geographic Concept - Possibility

Focuses on forecasting change, wicked problems, and sustainable development.

Scale (IB Concept)

An organising concept helping frame local, national, and global issues.

Spatial Interaction (IB Concept)

The interactions and flows between different contexts and places.

History Key Concepts

Change, perspectives, continuity, significance, causation, and consequence.

Economics Key Concepts

Scarcity, choice, sustainability, equity, growth, and development.

Leisure

Any freely-chosen activity or experience that takes place in non-work/school time.

Tourism

Travel away from home for at least one night for purpose of leisure

Sport

A physical activity involving a set of rules or customs

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A psychological theory that proposes humans are motivated to fulfill five levels of needs in a hierarchical order: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Recreation

A leisure time activity undertaken voluntarily and for enjoyment.

Domestic Tourism

Tourism within the country of residency.

International Tourism

Tourism outside the country of residency.

Factors that yield higher participation in Leisure, Tourism, and Sport in HICs

1. Free Time
2. Disposable Income
3. Infrastructure
4. Government policies/Investment
5. Traditions

Disposable Income

Money available to spend after one's needs are accounted for.

Free Time

Time not needed for allocation towards personal care or school/work commitments.

NICs

Newly industrialized countries that are experiencing rapid economic expansion and industrialization

Challenges LICs often face in participation in Leisure, Tourism, and Sport

1. Lack of disposable income
2. Time intensive labor within their country
3. Gender/societal norms
4. Inadequate infrastructure

Note: LICs citizens do participate in these activities but the nature of the activities participated in my vary considerably.

Mass Tourism or Package Holidays

Large scale tourism when flights, accommodations, tours, and meals are booked together as part of a group.

Sustainable Tourism

Is tourism that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Ecotourism

A form of niche tourism that focuses on natural wildlife and environment.

Heritage tourism

Tourism in which people travel to experience places, artifacts, or activities that are believed to be authentic representations of people and stories from the past.

Tourism hotspot or honeyspot

A location that attracts exceptionally high numbers of visitors due to its distinctive natural, cultural, or recreational appeal.

Leakage

is the loss of revenue from the host country/site's economy. It occurs when money spent by tourists "leave" the local area due to foreign ownership and/or imported goods

Niche Tourism

Special-interest tourism catering to relatively small number of tourists. High novelty, targeted interest.

Primary Resource

The pre-existing attractions for tourism or recreation (not specifically built for tourism) e.g. climate, scenery, wildlife, indigenous people, cultural and heritage sites.

Secondary Resource

Facilities that have been purposefully built to accommodate tourists; e.g. airports, hotels; golf courses, etc.

Adventure Tourism

A form of niche tourism that involves exploration or travel to remote areas, often incorporating physical activity and an element of risk.

Epicurean Tourism

A form of niche tourism that is focused on experiencing a destination's culture through its food and drink

Education Tourism

A form of niche tourism that blends learning with personal growth and the acquisition of skills/knowledge in a new destination.

Multiplier Effect

The concept that initial tourist expenditure leads to a chain of further spending, generating new income and economic activity in the local economy.

Pros of Tourism on the Economy

•Multifaceted job creation
•Infrastructure development
•Available to virtually all countries
•Enhance local culture
•Taxation without ramification (or at least less)

Cons of Tourism on the Economy

•Uneven
•Unreliable
•Unsustainable (at least it can be)
•Leakage

TNC

Transnational Corporation, large companies that operate in multiple countries, often managing production or delivering services across boarders while having headquarters in one country.

Direct Economic Impact

This is the initial, immediate effect of an economic activity.

Indirect Economic Impact

The secondary economic activity that occurs when a business or organization makes purchases from other companies in its supply chain.

Induced Economic Impact

Results from the household spending of employees whose wages were earned in the direct and indirect stages of the economic activity

Economies of Scale

The concept that a company can reduce costs by producing goods and providing services at high volume.

Types of businesses in tourism that are normally TNCs

1. Airlines
2. Hotels
3. Large Scale Tours
4. Cruise Lines
5. Travel Agencies

Types of businesses in tourism that are normally local businesses

1. Restaurants
2. Local Tours
3. Gift shops
4. Entertainers

Stakeholders in Tourism

1. Government
2. TNCs
3. Local Residents
4. NGOs
5. Tourists

All Inclusive

Where tourists pay a hotel complex one price which includes all food, drink, lodging, activities, and entertainment.

Budget airlines

Air carriers that provide flights for low prices by eliminating add ons and perks. Examples: Ryanair, Easyjet, Air Asia.

Economic facts about tourism

1. 1/11 jobs globally involve tourism
2. Roughly 10% of global gdp
3. 300 Billion Dollars annually from HICs to LICs via Tourism

Role of Tourists in Tourism

1. Consumers whose presence contributes to the economies of the host site.
2. Focused on having a safe and enjoyable experience.

Role of Government in Tourism

1. policy setting to manage the primary resource(s)
2. infrastructure development to support tourism
3. security and safety for all visitors
4. marketing and promotion of the tourist sites
5. ensure local residents aren't dissatisfied with impacts of tourism.

Role of NGOs in Tourism

Advocate for the interests of the primary resource's protection (and its surrounding residents) depending on the NGO's mission.

Overtourism

When the number of visitors to a site exceeds its carrying capacity.

Deterrents to Tourism

1. Natural Disaster
2. Disease
3. Safety/Security
4. Exchange rate fluctuation

Carrying Capacity

The maximum number of people a site or event can satisfy at one time.

Carrying Capacity 3 facets

1. Physical: Max number a site can physically accommodate.
2. Ecological/Environmental: Max number a site can carry until its ecological/environmental integrity is compromised.
3. Perceptual: Max number a site can carry until people perceive it to be overcrowded.

Butler Model of Tourism (Tourist site life cycle)

A model that illustrates the evolution of a tourist site through different stages. Exploration > Involvement > Development > Consolidation > Stagnation > Either Rejuvenation or Decline

Sphere of influence

The area from which a facility or attraction draws its support.

Threshold Population

minimum number of people required to support a particular attraction.

Range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to experience a site, attraction, or event.

CBD

Central Business District (CBD) is the commercial (and sometimes cultural) heart of a city. It is dominated shops and offices many of which are found in tall skyscrapers.

hierarchy of leisure/tourism services

Refers to the ranking of leisure and tourism services according to:

1. Size and importance of the service
2. Range
3. Threshold population

Higher-order services are fewer, larger, and more specialized, while lower-order services are more common and local.

Diagramming Zone Model

is a spatial plan tool that divides a park into areas with different desired conditions, appropriate uses, and facility needs. Zone functions include:

•Core Zone: Strict protection of biodiversity/primary resource. No human habitation. Controlled scientific research.
•Buffer Zone: Surrounds the core to reduce human impact. Low-impact tourism and conservation education.
•Visitor or Tourist Zone: Designed visitor facilities for education and tourism revenue.
•Transition or Periphery Zone: Edge area where locals live and engage in sustainable resource use.

Population Distribution

The spatial pattern of where people live across the earth.

Population Density

The number of people in a given area, usually measured in people per square kilometre.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.

Gross National Income (GNI)

The total value of goods and services produced within a country plus income and payments from abroad.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

An economic measurement that accounts for differences in the cost of living between countries.

Human Development Index (HDI)

A composite index combining life expectancy, education, and income indicators to assess development.

Core-Periphery Model

A model developed by John Friedmann explaining spatial inequalities between a prosperous core and a less-developed periphery.

Characteristics of the Core

Prosperous area with advanced secondary/tertiary industries, high wages, diverse services, and high infrastructure levels.

Characteristics of the Periphery

Less developed area with lower living standards, limited access to markets, and primary-based economies.

Snowball Effect (Positive Feedback in Economics)

A cycle where initial population growth and economic advantage lead to further cumulative growth and investment.

Informal Economy

Unofficial economic activity, such as street vending or cash-in-hand work, not captured in official GDP/GNI figures.

BRICS Nations

A group of major emerging economies consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.

Lorenz Curve

A graph showing the inequality of distribution, commonly used to illustrate income or wealth inequality against population.

Megacity

A very large urban area with a total population in excess of 10 million people.

Push and Pull Factors in Internal Migration

Reasons why people leave peripheral rural areas (push) and move to urban core regions (pull).

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A 5-stage model illustrating population change from pre-industrial to post-industrial society.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Annual percentage population growth, calculated as crude birth rate minus crude death rate divided by 10.

Population Momentum

Continued population growth even after fertility rates decline to replacement level.

Gentrification

Restoring and upgrading old houses and stores in poor neighbourhoods, causing sociocultural change.

Forced Migration

The movement of people from an area where push factors are extreme, beyond their control, and cannot be ignored.

Refugees

Migrants who are forced to leave their home countries and cross international borders to seek refuge.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

People who are forced to move due to extreme push factors but stay within their own country's borders.

Political Push Factors

Hostile political conditions driving forced migration, such as war, civil war, political repression, and ethnic cleansing.

Development-Induced Relocation

Forced movement of people by a government in the name of development, such as the building of the Three Gorges Dam.

Environmental Push Factors

Natural disasters and environmental problems (biological, physical, or chemical) that displace populations permanently or temporarily.

Destination Countries for Refugees

Predominantly LICs (often neighbouring countries like Turkey, Jordan, Pakistan) as well as HICs like Germany, France, and the USA.

Destination Consequences of Refugees

Strain on public services, infrastructure, government finances, housing, health care, and potential social/political tensions.

Consequences of Forced Migration on the Migrant

High mortality rates, poor living conditions in camps, loss of social networks, mental illness, disease, and malnutrition.

International Aid for Refugees

Assistance from international bodies (like the European Commission) meeting immediate needs, protecting rights, and increasing self-reliance.