AP Bio: Signal Transduction

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54 Terms

1

signal transduction pathway

chemical reactions that lead to a cell's response to a signal, involves reception, transduction, and a response

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2

specificity

only cells with the correct "specific" receptors will respond to the signal.

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conformation change

A change in the shape of a receptor protein caused by binding of the ligand.

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ligand

a signal molecule that bonds to a receptor that initiates a cellular response

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ligand releases

results in the conclusion of a signal transmission

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binding of ligand to receptor is reversible

non-covalent, binding is favored but it can be undone so that stimulation does not last forever

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Step 1

Reception: A ligand binds to a receptor protein

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3 kinds of plasma membrane receptors

1.ion channel receptors 2. protein kinase receptors 3. g linked protein receptors

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ion channel receptors

gated ion channels are opened by a conformation change. Ex. ligand gated calcium channels

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protein kinase receptor

receptors change shape upon binding., creating dimers that allow phosphorylation and in turn activates relay proteins.

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protein kinase

catalyzes the breakdown of ATP to ADP. The addition of the removed phosphate to a protein, activates the protein

ATP + Protein ---> ADP + Phosphorylated protein

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phosphorylation

adding/transferring a phosphate group to a molecule. Activates protein.

Phosphorylated protein= active

Dephosphorylated protein= inactive

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g protein

A receptor protein with three polypeptide subunits that can bind to

1. the receptor

2. GDP.GTP

3. An effector protein

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effector/ accessory protein

a protein in a g protein linked receptor signal transduction that can cause an effect in the cell

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amplification

One ligand binding can result in many signaling cascades within the cell.

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protein phosphatase

Enzyme responsible for the removal of phosphate from an active protein.

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Step 2

Transduction: a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalysed by protein kinases,

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Step 3

Response: The final event occurring as a result of signal transduction.

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secondary messenger

Released by the cell in response to binding of a ligand to a receptor. Messengers initiate components of intracellular signal transduction cascades. Examples: cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium.

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signal cascade

A series of chemical reactions within the cell as a result of reception of an external stimulus.

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ATP

The source of phosphate in many signal pathways. Dephosphorylated molecule is ADP.

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GTP

The source of phosphate in many signal pathways. Dephosphorylated molecule is GDP.

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transcription

The initiation of the expression of a particular gene. Often the response of a cell to signal transduction.

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protein kinase

a type of protein kinase responsible for phosphorylating proteins in RTKS.

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G1 Phase

Primary growth phase of the cell

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S Phase

Phase where DNA is replicated

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G2 Phase

Growth stage in which the cell prepares for division; organelles replicate and spindle forms

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Interphase

Collective name for G1, S, and G2 Phases

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Mitosis (M)

Division of the nucleus

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Cytokinesis (C)

Cytoplasm divides; forms 2 daughter cells

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Chromosome

coiled DNA; visible

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Spindle

Consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins; location where chromosomes attach

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Prophase

Chromatin fibers condense into chromosomes, mitotic spindle begins to form, centromeres move away from each other

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Metaphase

Centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell, Chromosomes convene at metaphase plate

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Telophase

Two daughter nuclei form in the cell, nuclear envelope forms

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G1 Checkpoint

Most important checkpoint; if cell receives go-ahead signal, the the cell continues with the cell; in the absence of the go-ahead signal, cell exits the cell cycle and enter the G0 phase

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M Checkpoint

Cell in mitosis receives a stop signal when any of its chromosomes are not attached to spindle fibers

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Cancer

Uncontrolled dividing of cells

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Undifferentiated

Description of a stem cell

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Homologous

Describes a pair of chromosomes; one maternal and one paternal

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Chromatin

uncoiled DNA; found during interphase

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Diploid

A cell with two copies of each chromosome

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Haploid

A cell with half the number of chromosomes

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Meiosis

Process by which gametes are made

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Crossing Over

Occurs during meiosis; increases genetic variation

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Mutation

Any change in DNA

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47

Binary Fission

The way in which bacteria reproduce; copy and split

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G0 (G zero)

Resting state for cells not dividing

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Density-Dependent Inhibition (Contact Inhibition)

Cells stop dividing when it's too crowded in an area

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Cyclin

Protein that increases and decreases throughout the cell cycle and activates enzymes needed for division

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2 Divisions

A description of the events in meiosis

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1 Division

A description of the events in mitosis

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53

46

Represents the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell.

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23

Represents the number of chromosomes in a human gamete.

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