Human Anatomy & Physiology: Cell Structure, Body Cavities, and Feedback Mechanisms

atoms

most basic unit of matter

Molecules

2 or more atoms bonded together

Macromolecules

large organic molecules

organelles

membrane-bound, specialized cellular structures

cells

basic structural and functional unit of an organism

Tissues

groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function

organ

2 or more different types of tissues that work together to perform special functions

organ system

groups of related organs with a common function

organism

individual living organism,

Anatomy

the study of structure

Physiology

the study of an function

What organs are found in the Dorsal Cavity

brain and spinal cord

What organs are found in the Abdominal Cavity

Liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, parts of large intestine

What organs are found in the pelvic cavity?

Internal reproductive organs, bladder, anus

What organs are found in the Pleural Cavity

lungs

What organs are found in the mediastinum?

heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus

What cavities are found in the Dorsal Cavity?

cranial and spinal cavity

What cavities are found in the Ventral Cavity?

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

4 main types of tissue found in humans

1.muscular

2. connective

3. Nervous

4. Epithelial

3 different body cuts/planes

1. sagittal (median plane) Right and Left portions

2. Transverse ( horizontal) superior and Inferior portions

3. coronal ( frontal plane) Anterior and posterior portions

Serous membranes (found in the ventral body cavity) and have multiple layers. Describe the location of each layer

Visceral- covers the visceral (internal) organ: innermost layer

Serous fluid- lubricating fluid between the 2 layers of membrane

Parietal- outer layer that lines the outer wall or cavity itself

Homeostasis

The tendency of an organism to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

how is positive feedback different from negative feedback

positive feedback- triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than diminish a stimulus

Negative feedback- in living things, homeostasis is primarily accomplished through negative feedback mechanism

Superior

toward the head

Inferior

away from the head

Anterior

toward the front of the body

posterior

toward the back of the body

Medial

toward or at the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Superficial

toward or at the surface

deep

away from the surface

Proximal

closer to the origin or point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the origin or point of attachment

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

1. Right upper quadrant

2. Left upper quadrant

3. Right lower quadrant

4. left lower quadrant

set point

humans achieve homeostasis by maintaining a variable at or near a particular value

Effector

the structures responsible for the response

Control Center

determines the set point

Receptor

detects the stimulus and triggers a response

Stimulas

fluctuations above or below the set point serve as a stimulus

what can be found in the appendicular portion of the human body

appendages

arms

legs