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Mental disorders in Ancient times were primarily explained as __.

Divine punishment or demonic possession.

The main contribution of Hippocrates to psychopathology was __.

The theory of the four humors.

During the Middle Ages, the treatment of people with mental disorders was characterized by __.

Isolation and persecution.

Philippe Pinel is recognized for __.

Removing chains from patients in asylums.

The community mental health movement arose with the goal of __.

Integrating people into the community.

The development of the DSM marked __.

The standardization of diagnostic criteria.

For a behavior to be considered psychopathological, it must include __.

Clinically significant distress or functional impairment.

Functional impairment involves __.

Difficulty in areas such as work, relationships, or study.

Which of the following is NOT a common criterion for defining mental disorders? __.

Dangerousness exclusively.

The DSM-5-TR is published by __.

APA.

Depressive disorders are primarily characterized by __.

Persistent sadness and anhedonia.

Psychotic disorders include symptoms such as __.

Hallucinations and delusions.

ADHD is classified as __.

Neurodevelopmental disorders.

Personality disorders are characterized by __.

Rigid and persistent patterns.

The biological approach focuses on __.

Neurotransmitters and genetics.

The cognitive model asserts that disorders arise from __.

Thought distortions.

The behavioral model is based on __.

Classical and operant conditioning.

The humanistic model emphasizes __.

Self-actualization and personal growth.

The biopsychosocial model proposes that disorders result from __.

The interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Community psychiatry seeks __.

Rehabilitation and social integration.

A social factor influencing psychopathology is __.

Poverty.

Stigma in mental health can lead to __.

Isolation and delay in seeking help.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is particularly effective for __.

Anxiety and depression disorders.

Antidepressants primarily act on __.

Neurotransmitters such as serotonin.

Antipsychotics are mainly used for __.

Schizophrenia.

Dialectical-Behavioral Therapy is especially useful for __.

Borderline personality disorder.

Electroconvulsive therapy is used in __.

Treatment-resistant major depression.

A multidisciplinary treatment involves __.

Psychologist, psychiatrist, and nutritionist (depending on the case).

Crisis intervention aims primarily for __.

Immediate stabilization.

Treatment adherence can be affected by __.

All of the above.

Anorexia nervosa includes __.

Severe food restriction.

In bulimia nervosa, the central characteristic is __.

Binge eating with compensatory behaviors.

Binge eating disorder is differentiated by __.

Absence of compensatory behaviors.

ARFID is characterized by __.

Avoidance without concern for weight.

A sociocultural factor in eating disorders is __.

Idealization of thinness.

The most effective treatment for eating disorders includes __.

Psychological therapy + nutritional intervention.

Hallucinations are __.

Perceptions without external stimuli.

Delusions are __.

Firmly held false beliefs.

Anhedonia is __.

Loss of pleasure.

A panic attack includes __.

Intense physical symptoms and sudden fear.

An example of a biological factor is __.

Genetic predisposition.

An example of a psychological factor is __.

Catastrophic thinking.

An example of a social factor is __.

Unemployment.

The biopsychosocial model is important because __.

It allows for comprehensive intervention.

Informed consent is essential because __.

It guarantees patient autonomy.

Confidentiality can be breached if __.

There is imminent risk of harm.

A limitation of the DSM is __.

It can medicalize normal behaviors.

Stigma can affect prognosis because __.

It reduces access to treatment.

The most effective treatment is generally __.

A combination of both.

The ultimate goal of psychopathology is __.

To understand, prevent, and treat mental disorders.