TOPOGRAPHY

Central Sulcus

What fissure separates the frontal and parietal lobes on the lateral surface of the brain?

Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor Area)

What gyrus is located rostral to the central sulcus, between the central sulcus and the precentral sulcus, and is one of the most important cortical areas for movement?

Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor Area) (Brodmann Area 4)

What area is located in the precentral gyrus and is considered the primary motor cortex?

Elicits movement at a relatively low stimulation threshold

What is a functional characteristic of the Precentral Gyrus (Primary Motor Area)?

Precentral Sulcus

What sulcus is located rostral to the precentral gyrus?

Lateral Fissure (Sylvian Fissure)

What prominent fissure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes and contains branches of the Middle Cerebral Artery?

Insula (Island of Reil)

What structure is located deep within the lateral (Sylvian) fissure?

Insula (Brodmann Areas 13, 14, 15, 16)

What brain structure, consisting of anterior and posterior zones, is associated with olfaction, taste, visceral control, memory, affect, and drive?

Impaired articulation and speech production

What can result from the destruction of the left anterior zone of the Insula?

Postcentral Gyrus (Primary Somesthetic Area / Sensory Cortex)

What gyrus is located behind the central sulcus and is part of the parietal lobe, responsible for primary sensory processing?

Postcentral Gyrus (Primary Sensory Cortex) (Brodmann Areas 1, 2, 3)

What Brodmann areas are located in the postcentral gyrus and are responsible for the primary sensory cortex?

Superior Frontal Gyrus (SFG)

What gyrus is located on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe, superiorly?

Middle Frontal Gyrus (MFG)

What gyrus is located on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe, between the superior and inferior frontal gyri?

Middle Frontal Gyrus (Brodmann Area 8)

What gyrus contains the frontal eye fields?

Inferior Frontal Gyrus (IFG)

What gyrus is located on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe, inferiorly, and includes the orbital, triangular, and opercular gyri?

Triangular Gyrus and Opercular Gyrus (part of Inferior Frontal Gyrus)

What gyri collectively form Broca's area?

Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG)

What gyrus is located superiorly on the lateral surface of the temporal lobe?

Superior Temporal Gyrus, Planum Temporale, Lower Parietal Cortex

What extensive region forms Wernicke's area?

Middle Temporal Gyrus (MTG)

What gyrus is located on the lateral surface of the temporal lobe, between the superior and inferior temporal gyri?

Middle Temporal Gyrus (Brodmann Area 21)

What Brodmann area is located in the middle temporal gyrus and is involved in visual association?

Inferior Temporal Gyrus (ITG)

What gyrus is located inferiorly on the lateral surface of the temporal lobe?

Inferior Temporal Gyrus (Brodmann Area 20)

What Brodmann area is located in the inferior temporal gyrus and is involved in visual association?

Transverse Gyri of Heschl

What gyri, located in the temporal lobe, are responsible for the primary auditory area?

Transverse Temporal Gyri (Primary Auditory Cortex) (Brodmann Areas 41, 42)

What Brodmann areas are located in the transverse temporal gyri and are responsible for the primary auditory cortex?

Parieto-occipital fissure (imaginary line) and preoccipital notch (imaginary line)

What landmarks are used to define the approximate boundaries separating the occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes on the lateral surface?

Occipital Pole

What area at the posterior tip of the occipital lobe contains part of the primary visual area?

Prominent fissures and sulci due to atrophy of the gyri

What happens to the appearance of fissures and sulci in degenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease?

Corpus Callosum

What C-shaped bundle of fibers connects the two cerebral hemispheres and is involved in interhemispheric information transfer?

Rostrum, Genu, Body, Splenium

What are the four subdivisions of the Corpus Callosum?

Disconnection syndromes where each hemisphere functions independently

What type of syndrome can occur from lesions of the Corpus Callosum?

Hemialexia (inability to read)

What can result from a lesion in the splenium of the Corpus Callosum?

Left Ear Extinction (sounds reaching the right temporal cortex cannot be related to the left temporal cortex for comprehension)

What can result from a lesion in the Corpus Callosum that affects auditory processing between hemispheres?

Cingulate Gyrus

What gyrus is located dorsal to the Corpus Callosum, separated by the pericallosal sulcus, and follows the Corpus Callosum's contour?

Cingulate Gyrus, Subcallosal Gyrus, Parahippocampal Gyrus, Uncus

What structures seen on the medial surface of the cerebrum are components of the limbic lobe?

Cingulate Gyrus (Brodmann Areas 23, 24, 31, 32, 33)

What Brodmann areas are associated with the cingulate gyrus and are considered part of the limbic cortex?

Pericallosal Sulcus

What sulcus separates the Cingulate Gyrus from the Corpus Callosum?

Septum Pellucidum

What structure is seen on the medial surface of the cerebrum, inferior to the Corpus Callosum and anterior to the Fornix?

Fornix

What structure is seen on the medial surface of the cerebrum, inferior to the Septum Pellucidum and Body of Corpus Callosum?

Parahippocampal Gyrus and Uncus

What structures are separated from the Occipitotemporal Gyrus by the Collateral Sulcus and are part of the limbic lobe?

Parahippocampal Gyrus (Brodmann Areas 28, 35, 36)

What Brodmann areas are associated with the parahippocampal gyrus, including the entorhinal, perirhinal, and ectorhinal areas?

Olfactory Sulcus

What longitudinal sulcus is found on the ventral surface of the frontal lobe and contains the olfactory tract and bulb?

Gyrus Rectus

What gyrus is located medial to the Olfactory Sulcus on the ventral surface?

Occipitotemporal Gyrus

What gyrus is located on the ventral surface, lateral to the parahippocampal gyrus, and is separated from it by the collateral sulcus?

Occipitotemporal Area (Brodmann Area 37)

What Brodmann area is located in the inferolateral part of the temporal lobe and is involved in decoding visual information?

Collateral Sulcus

What sulcus separates the Occipitotemporal Gyrus from the Parahippocampal Gyrus and Uncus?

Caudate Nucleus

What C-shaped structure bulges into the Lateral Ventricle and forms part of its lateral wall?

Lateral Ventricle

What large, flattened C-shaped ventricle is located below the Corpus Callosum and converges to become the Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monro)?

Third Ventricle

What midline ventricle is located between the two diencephalons and separates the two thalami?

Interventricular Foramen (Foramen of Monro)

What connects the Lateral Ventricles to the Third Ventricle?

Cerebral Aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)

What ventricular conduit serves as a communication channel between the Third Ventricle and the Fourth Ventricle?

Fourth Ventricle

What ventricle develops from the Metencephalon and Myelencephalon?

Foramina of Luschka (lateral) and Magendie (median)

What openings connect the Fourth Ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

Choroid Plexus

What vascular tissue is located within the Lateral, Third, and Fourth ventricles and is responsible for producing CSF?

Internal Capsule (Anterior and Posterior limbs)

What white matter structure carries motor and sensory fibers to and from the cortex and separates the Caudate Nucleus/Putamen (anterior limb) and Putamen/Thalamus (posterior limb)?

Contralateral motor and sensory deficits

What can result from lesions in the Internal Capsule?

Prefrontal Cortex

What area comprises the bulk of the frontal lobe rostral to the premotor cortex and is involved in behavior, judgment, and executive functions?

Prefrontal Cortex (Brodmann Areas 9, 10, 11, 12, 46)

What Brodmann areas make up the prefrontal cortex?

Impaired executive functions

What can result from lesions to the Prefrontal Cortex?

Impairments in one's decision-making abilities and emotion

What can result from damages to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Areas 11, 12)?

Impairments in one's working memory

What can result from damages to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann Areas 9, 10, 46)?

Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) and Premotor Area

What areas are part of Brodmann Area 6 and are considered cortical motor areas?

Cortical Eye Fields

What motor areas are located in Brodmann Area 8 (Middle Frontal Gyrus)?

Wernicke's Area

What major cortical language area is located in the posterior and superior temporal gyrus, planum temporale, and lower parietal cortex (Brodmann Area 22) and is concerned with language comprehension?

Wernicke's Aphasia (difficulty comprehending language)

What can result from a lesion in Wernicke's area?

Inability to detect speech inflection

What can result from a lesion to the corresponding area of Wernicke's area (Area 22) on the right hemisphere?

Broca's Area

What major cortical language area is formed by the triangular and opercular gyri (Brodmann Areas 44, 45) and is concerned with speech production and articulation?

Broca's Aphasia (non-fluent speech)

What can result from a lesion in Broca's area?

Amelodic/aprosodic speech (dull, monotonic speech)

What can result from a lesion to the corresponding area of Broca's area on the right hemisphere, affecting the prosody of speech?

Arcuate Fasciculus

What long association fiber bundle connects Wernicke's area and Broca's area?

Conduction Aphasia

What can result from a lesion in the posterior perisylvian region, often involving the Arcuate Fasciculus?

Angular Gyrus

What gyrus is located in the inferior parietal lobule (Brodmann Area 39) and is part of the language processing area?

Gerstmann's Syndrome (finger agnosia, agraphia, acalculia, left-right disorientation, anomia)

What syndrome can result from a lesion in the dominant (usually left) Angular Gyrus?

Supramarginal Gyrus

What gyrus is located in the inferior parietal lobule (Brodmann Area 40)?

Planum Temporale

What structure is part of Wernicke's area?

Lateral occipital area (Brodmann Areas 18, 19)

What areas surrounding the primary visual cortex are involved in secondary and tertiary visual association?

Optic ataxia (inability to move hand towards object seen)

What visual deficit can result from bilateral lesions in the lateral occipital area (Brodmann Areas 18, 19)?

Neglect of the contralateral half of the body and visual space

What can result from unilateral lesions in the nondominant hemisphere's lateral occipital area (Brodmann Areas 18, 19)?

Calcarine Gyrus/Sulcus

What structure, located in the occipital lobe, contains the primary visual area (striate cortex)?

Primary Visual Area (Striate Cortex) (Brodmann Area 17)

What area is located in the calcarine gyrus/sulcus and is the primary visual cortex?

Hemianopia (loss of vision in the contralateral half of the visual field)

What visual deficit can result from a lesion in the primary visual area located in the calcarine sulcus (Brodmann Area 17)?

Anton's Syndrome (denial of blindness)

What syndrome can result from bilateral lesions of the primary visual area (Brodmann Area 17)?

Inferior Parietal Lobule

What lobule contains the angular and supramarginal gyri (Brodmann Areas 39, 40) and is associated with Gerstmann's Syndrome components?

Superior Parietal Lobule

What lobule is located caudal to the postcentral sulcus and corresponds to Brodmann Areas 5 and 7?

Primary Gustatory Cortex

What area is located in the most ventral part of the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe and is responsible for taste?

Primary Olfactory Cortex

What area is located in the piriform and periamygdaloid region of the temporal lobe and is responsible for olfaction?

Primary Vestibular Area

What area is located in the temporal lobe and is responsible for vestibular processing?

Frontal Eye Fields (Brodmann Area 8)

What area is responsible for controlling eye movements?

Orbital Gyri (Brodmann Areas 11, 12)

What Brodmann areas are part of the prefrontal cortex and orbital gyri?

Anterior part of the Insula (Brodmann Areas 13, 14)

What Brodmann areas are located in the anterior part of the insula?

Posterior part of the Insula (Brodmann Areas 15, 16)

What Brodmann areas are located in the posterior part of the insula?

Middle and Inferior temporal gyrus (Brodmann Areas 21, 20)

What Brodmann areas are located in the middle and inferior temporal gyri and are involved in visual association?

Cingulate gyrus, Subcallosal area, Retrosplenial area, Presubicular area, Entorhinal cortex, Perirhinal area (Brodmann Areas 23-36, part of limbic cortex)

What Brodmann areas are associated with limbic functions?

Temporal pole (Brodmann Area 38)

What Brodmann area is located at the temporal pole and is involved in the retrieval of proper nouns?

Orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 47)

What Brodmann area is located in the orbitofrontal cortex?

Massive perisylvian lesions or separate Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas lesions

What type of lesion localization is associated with Global Aphasia?

Anterior or superior to Broca’s area (may involve part of Broca’s area)

What type of lesion localization is associated with Transcortical Motor Aphasia?

Surrounding Wernicke’s area

What type of lesion localization is associated with Transcortical Sensory Aphasia?

Border zone or watershed area

What type of lesion localization is associated with Transcortical Mixed Aphasia?

Corpus callosum

What structure's lesions are associated with Callosal Syndrome?

Bilateral occipitoparietal cortex

What lesion location is associated with Balint's Syndrome (optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultanagnosia)?