microbio chapter 4 part 1: prokaryotic cell

what are the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell

unicellular

lack nucleus

no membrane

circular DNA

what is a cell required to have

cell membrane, genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm

example of a prokaryotic cell

bacteria

how do bacteria reproduce

binary fission

binary fission does not allow for

genetic variation

what can allow for variation in a prokaryotic cell

mutation and plasmid DNA

describe morphology

shape, size, and how it is arranged

what is the size of bacteria

.2-2micrometers

basic shapes of bacteria

coccus, bacillus, spiral

describe coccus

sphere

describe bacillus

rod

describe spiral

twisted/actual spiral/ worm-like

describe vibrio

curved rod

define monomorphic

one particular shape

most bacteria is

monomorphic

define pleomorphic

can take on many particular shapes

types of arrangements of bacteria

strepto

staphylo

describe strepto

strip/chain

describe streptococcus

strip of spheres

describe staphylo

clusters

describe staphylococcus

clusters of spheres

describe diplo

two/stuck together

what is the structure glycocalyx

sugar coating on outside of cell wall

all glycocalyx do what

adherence

prevention desiccation

supply nutrients to inside of cell

what is prevention desiccation

stops it from drying out

what is contained in the glycocalyx

slime layer

capsule

extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)

describe capsule within glycocalyx

firmly attached to the cell wall

function of capsule within glycocalyx

evades phagocytosis by the immune system

protects

example of capsule within glycocalyx

B. anthracis,

S. pneumonia

describe slime layer

loosely associated

functions of slime layer

helps with attachment to surfaces

protects

function of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)

create a community of bacteria

protect

allows for communication between different bacteria in community

example of EPS - bioflim

slimy texture over teeth when you first wake up

describe flagella (bacterial flagalin)

stick out from cell wall

function of flagella

rotate to push cell (propeller)

allows for propulsion

describe axial filaments

indigenous flagella

endoflagellum

wraps around cell underneath: outer sheath

function of axial filaments

propulsion

twisting, spinning motion

if you have an axial filament you will not have a ___ and vice-versa

flagella

example of axial filaments

spirochete bacteria

traponema pallidum is a causative agent of

syphilis

borrelia burgdorferi is a causative agent of what

lyme disease

fimbriae protrudes from cell wall like

hairs

function of fimbriae

adheres to surfaces (velcro)

pili protudes from

the cell

pili function

motility and DNA transfer

describe motility of pili

twitching and gliding (not coordinated but allows movement)

describe DNA transfer of pili

sex pilius: allows sexual reproduction of bacteria between each other

what is usually being transferred within DNA of pili

plasma

what is the cell wall

structure that surrounds the plasma membrane

function of the cell wall

protect cell from changes in water pressure

• prevents popping of cell, with high intake of water

the bacterial cell wall is made of up

peptidoglycan

a sugar protein polymer

what is contained within the peptidoglycan cell wall

NGA and NAM (sugars) + amino acids (protein)

gram positive staining contains very ___ peptidoglycan layer with ___ acids

thick ; teichoic

gram + stains what color

purple (crystal violet)

gram - staining contains a very ___ layer of peptidoglycan

thin

what is on the outer membrane protruding with structures resembling lollipops

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

LPS —→

endotoxins

what color does gram - stain

pink (safranin)

what step comes after crystal violet

iodine (mordant)

what step comes after iodine

alcohol (decolorize)

what step comes after alcohol

safranin

example of atypical cell wall

mycoplasma w/ no cell wall

what makes the cell wall waxy

mycolic acid

plasma membrane contains what

phosphate heads (hydrophilic) and fatty acid tails (hydrophobic ) and membrane proteins

the plasma membrane is ___ ___ (not everything can cross)

selectively permeable

movement across membrane is usually from

high concentration to low

what is the goal of things crossing the membrane

reach equilibrium

describe simple diffusion

small molecules move freely until equilibrium is reached

what is osmosis

movement of water

osmosis focuses on

solute concentration

describe active transport

up concentration gradient

active transport requires

energy and transport proteins

describe cytoplasm

mostly water, liquid matrix inside cell holding organelles

the cytoplasm contains what

organic and inorganic molecules

DNA

ribosomes

cytoskeleton proteins

inclusion bodies

where is DNA located

nucleoid

describe the dna within the nucleoid

circular chromosomes

not membrane bound

what type of ribosomes are in bacteria

70S

ribosomes are the site of what

protein synthesis (MRNA / translation)

what are inclusions in bacteria

storage granules

types of inclusions

metachromatic, polysaccharide, lipids, sulfur, magnetosomes, gas vacuoles

what are endospores

gram + bacteria

endospores allow for

resting structure during adverse conditions

endospores can survive what type of conditions

adverse and extreme

example of endospore

bacillus anthracis, anthrax

clostridium - tetanus, botulinum toxin

botulinum toxin is a reason why we don’t

give babies honey