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Theory-ladenness of observation
The concept that all observations are influenced by the observer's prior beliefs and expectations.
Falsification
The process by which a hypothesis is tested and potentially rejected based on contradictory evidence.
Incommensurability
The principle that different paradigms cannot be directly compared due to differences in their conceptual frameworks.
Scientific revolution
A fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.
Paradigm
A framework of beliefs and practices within which scientific inquiries are conducted.
Method of tenacity
A belief fixation method where individuals hold onto beliefs despite contrary evidence.
Pragmatism
A philosophical approach that assesses the truth of beliefs based on their practical effects and applications.
Bounded rationality
The idea that decision-making is limited by available information, cognitive limitations, and time constraints.
Naturalism
The philosophical viewpoint that everything arises from natural properties and causes, and supernatural or spiritual explanations are excluded.
Induction
A method of reasoning in which general principles are derived from specific observations.
