2) Micturition and Continence

What is the correct definition of micturition?

The voluntary and involuntary process of expelling urine from the bladder

Which of the following is a real-life example of micturition?

A person urinating after their bladder becomes full

Which of the following best explains how micturition occurs?

It starts as a reflex involving stretch receptors in the bladder, which can be voluntarily controlled by higher brain centers.

What is the most common type of urinary incontinence in females, especially after childbirth or menopause?

Stress incontinence

What is the most common type of urinary incontinence in males, particularly in older men or those with neurological conditions?

Urge incontinence

What is a common clinical cause of stress urinary incontinence in women?

Pelvic floor muscle weakness due to childbirth

Which of the following best describes a typical presentation of stress incontinence?

Leakage of urine during coughing, sneezing, or lifting

What is a first-line treatment option for stress urinary incontinence?

Pelvic floor (Kegel) exercises

What is the most common underlying cause of urge incontinence?

Detrusor overactivity

What is a hallmark symptom of urge incontinence?

Sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by involuntary leakage

Which of the following is a common first-line treatment for urge incontinence?

Anticholinergic medications (e.g., oxybutynin)

What is a common cause of overflow incontinence in men?

Enlarged prostate causing bladder outlet obstruction

What is a key clinical feature of overflow incontinence?

Frequent dribbling of urine and feeling of incomplete emptying

Which of the following is a typical treatment for overflow incontinence due to bladder outlet obstruction?

Bladder Catheterisation regiment