Chapter 8 - Life Span Development

Infancy

Birth - 1 year of age

Moro Reflex

When startled the infant throws out both arms, spread the fingers, and then grabs with fingers and arms

Palmar Reflex

Grasping reflex in which an infant grab onto a finger placed in the infants palm

Rooting Reflex

Reflex in which a hungry infant automatically turns toward the stimulus when the cheek or one side of the mouth is touched

Sucking Reflex

Reflex in which stroking a hungry infant’s lips causes the infant to start sucking

New Born HR

100-170 BPM

Infant HR

90-160 BPM

New born Respiratory Volume

7-8 mL/kg

Infant Respiratory Volume

10-15 mL/kg

0–6-month old respiratory rate

30-60 RR

6–12-month-old respiratory rate

24-30 RR

Newborn systolic BP

50-70 mmHg

Infant Systolic BP

90 mmHg

Bonding

formation of close relationship through frequent association

Trust vs Mistrust

Concept developed from an orderly, predictable environment, versus a disorderly, irregular environment

Scaffolding

building on what one already knows

Temperament

Infant’s nature or personality, especially in terms of responding to the enviroment

Toddler

stage of life from 12 - 36 months

Developmental characteristics at 2 months old

Can track objects with eyes and recognize familiar faces

Development characteristics at 3 months old

Moves objects to mouth with hands, Distinct facial expressions

Developmental characteristics at 4 months old

Drools without swallowing, begins to reach out to people

Developmental characteristics at 5 months old

Sleeps through the night without waking for feedings, discriminates between family and strangers

Developmental characteristics at 6 months old

Sits upright in high chair, Begins making one-syllable sounds

Developmental characteristics at 7 months old

Exhibits fear of strangers, Mood shifts quickly

Developmental characteristics at 8 months old

Begins responding to word “no”, can sit alone, can play peek-a-boo

Developmental characteristics at 9 months old

Responds to adult anger, pulls self up to standing position, explores objects by mouthing, sucking, chewing, and biting

Developmental characteristics at 10 months old

Pays attention to own name, crawls well

Developmental characteristics at 11 months old

Attempts to walk without assistance, begins to slow frustration about restrictions

Developmental characteristics at 12 months old

walks with help, knows own name

Teething starts at…

5-7 months old

Pulmonary system physiologic changes at toddler phase

Terminal airways branch and grow, Alveoli increase in number

Nervous system physiologic changes at toddler phase

Brain is now 90% of adult weight

Musculoskeletal system physiologic changes at toddler phase

Muscle mass and bone density increases

Immune system physiologic changes at toddler phase

More susceptible to illness

Dental physiologic changes at toddler phase

All primary teeth are in by 36 months

Toddler HR

80-140 BPM

Toddler Respiratory Rate

24-40 RR

Systolic BP for 1 - 10 years old

90 + (age x 2)

Developmental Characteristics from infant to preschooler

Begin to grasp that words have meaning, start to understand cause + effect, develop separation anxiety, develop “magical thinking", and towards 3-4 start to master the basics of language that will be refined throughout childhood

Preschool age

3-5 ages

Preschooler HR

70-120 BPM

Preschooler RR

22-34 RR

Preschooler psychosocial changes

Start to get involved with peer groups and interactions offer opportunities for learning skills, comparing self to others, and feeling a part of a group

School age

6-12 Years old

School age body tempature

96.8 - 101.3 F (36 - 36.5 C)

School age HR

65 - 120 BPM

School age Respiritory Rate

18-30 RR

School age Psychologic Changes

Parents will spend less time with the child and provide more general supervision, decision-making skills develop, self-esteem develops, and moral development also occurs

Adolescence

13 - 18 Years

Normal HR Adolescence and up

60-100 BPM

Normal RR Adolescence and up

12-20

Adolescence Systolic BP

107-117

Normal Adult Systolic BP

Less than 120

Adolescent Physiologic Changes

Experience a growth spurt starting with hands + feet that followed by enlargement of arms + legs, both sexes reach reproductive maturity

Adolescent Psychological Changes

start to strive for independence, start to have an interest in sex, body image starts to be of great concern, develop personal code of ethics, develop capacity for logical, analytical, and abstract thinking

Early Adulthood

19 - 40 Years old

Early Adulthood physiologic changes

develop lifelong habits + routines, peak physical condition occurs between 19-26

Early adulthood Psychological Changes

highest stress levels occur at this point in life, love develops (both romantic and affectionate), childbirth occurs most commonly in this age group, accidents become leading cause of death

Middle Adulthood

41-60 Years old

Physiologic Middle Adulthood changes

vision problems may start to develop, cancer often develops in this age group, weight control becomes more difficult, menopause starts, heart disease becomes a major cause of death after 40 years old

Physiologic Middle Adulthood changes

Become more task-oriented, start to see problems as challenges instead of threats, empty-nest syndrome, increased freedom / opportunity for self-fulfillment, start to have concern for both adult children and aging parents

Late Adulthood

61 Years and Older

Late Adulthood Physiologic Changes

Vital signs will depend on physical and health conditions, cardiovascular system becomes less efficient, blood volume decreases, more likely to develop respiratory disorders, decreased metabolism, sleep-wake cycle is disrupted, all other body systems start to deteriorate

Late Adulthood Psychosocial Changes

Start to face problems such as living environment, self-worth, financial burdens, and death and dying.