midfoot fusions

what bones are fused together

tarsometatarsal, navicular-cuneiform, and/or talonavicular fusion.

tibial tubercle

 a bony bump on the upper part of the shin where the patellar tendon attaches the quadriceps muscles (or quads) to the leg.

spring ligament complex talonavicular joint

or **calcaneonavicular ligament injuries** refer to stretching sprains, tears, or ruptures of the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament complex and can affect one or more of the three portions.

these might be seen with this injury:

* posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
* midtarsal injury
* deltoid ligament injury

deltoid ligament

a triangle-shaped ligament on the inner (medial) ankle which is stronger and more compact than the outer ligaments. injuries to this ligament are very rare and most happen with eversion (rolling ankle out) or along with a high ankle (syndesmosis) sprain.

sinus tarsi

a tunnel between the talus and the calcaneus that contains structures that contribute to the stability of the ankle and to its proprioception but can get damaged in this structure. The joint between the talus and calcaneus is also known as the subtalar joint.

Sustentaculum Tali

 a bony shelf which provides structural support for the talus and an attachment point for the plantar calcaneonavicular, or spring ligament.

talocalcaneal ligament

very thin ligament, reinforces ankle joint

Plantaris

Weakly Assists Gastrocnemius in Plantarflexion. Inferior end Lateral Supracondylar Line of Femur

Oblique Popliteal Ligament

posterior talofibular ligament

a ligament that connects the fibula to the talus bone. It runs almost horizontally from the malleolar fossa of the lateral malleolus of the fibula to the lateral tubercle on the posterior surface of the talus.

what ligaments make up the deltoid ligament

* Anterior tibiotalar ligament (ATTL)
* Posterior tibiotalar ligament (PTTL)
* Tibiocalcaneal ligament (TCL)
* Tibionavicular ligament (TNL)

anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

It originates from the longitudinal tubercle on the anterior aspect of the lateral malleolus, and the fibers course superiorly and medially, attaching on the anterolateral tubercle of the tibia.

The posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

It functions to hold the tibia and fibula tightly together and prevents excessive fibular displacement and external talar rotation. originates at the posterior tibial tubercle (Volkmann fragment) and attaches to the posterior lateral malleolus.

volkmann fragment

 occurs when the posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament fails to rupture during injury resulting in a posterior malleolar fracture

* The transverse ligament

a thick round ligament, which takes a horizontal course between the posterior tibia and the edge of the lateral malleolar fossa distal to the posterior tibiofibular ligament and covers the superior part of the talus 

The interosseous ligament

 a thick osseofascial membrane that runs the length of the tibia and fibula and terminates distally in the thicker syndesmosis.

gerdy’s tubercle

a smooth facet on the lateral aspect of the upper part of the tibia, just below the knee joint and adjacent to the proximal tibio-fibular joint, where the iliotibial tract runs down the outside part of the thigh.

syndesmosis

a fibrous joint in which two adjacent bones are linked by a strong membrane or ligaments.

os trigonum

an accessory (extra) bone that sits in the back of the ankle near the heel bone. This occurs in 2.5–14% of normal feet. It is usually round, oval, or triangular, and varies in size.

the Lauge-Hansen system

classification system was developed on the basis of the mechanism of trauma and is useful for guiding treatment. Three radiographic views of the ankle (anteroposterior, mortise, and lateral) are necessary to classify an injury with the Lauge-Hansen system. Two additional criteria are also necessary: the position of the foot at the time of injury and the direction of the deforming force. 

Mesenchymal stem cells

multipotent stem cells found in bone marrow that are important for making and repairing skeletal tissues, such as cartilage, bone and the fat found in bone marrow.

how are ganglion cysts formed

Repetitive injury to the supporting capsular and ligamentous structures appears to stimulate fibroblasts to produce hyaluronic acid, which accumulates to produce the mucin "jelly-like" material commonly found in ganglion cysts.