4: Abuse and Effects of Chronic Exposure

What is the most popular way that people first try cocaine and why is this one reason people typically do not abuse the drug?

Snorting, which induces anxiety

Three stages of abstinence

Crash, withdrawal, extinction

3 traits researches used to predict cocaine abuse

1. Locomotion activity

2. Preference for a novel seeking experience

3. Impulsitivity

What is a thread among the prefrontal cortical area of cocaine-dependent ppl

Cocaine-dependent ppl have abnormalities to prefrontal cortical area functioning which may be preexisting but it does intensify with cocaine use

What is shown in the brain when someone is smoking

The craving and DA release increases in the caudate nucleus and putamen

How many exposures are needed to build tolerance vs sensitization to cocaine

Tolerance: many exposures

Sensitization: can occur after 1 or few exposures

Negative long term effects of cocaine

Impairment in verbal memory, attention, and motor function

Also effects heart, lungs, GI and kidneys

Frequent snorting damages nasal septum

Two treatments for chronic abuse

Compounds tested to “Replace” cocaine to help users stop and remain abstinent

Some trails show DAT affecting drugs to help

How long does withdrawal from amphetamine take to subside

Weeks

What can occur with chronic abuse of amphetamines

Hallucinations & paranoia, usually on day 2 or 3 of the run

Then have a heightened stress response and flashbacks to the hallucinations

What does meth do to DA axons and terminals

Damages DA axons and terminals which decrease DA and DAT, mostly in neocortex, hippocampus, and striatum

What disease has a similar effect on the brain to cocaine

Parkinson’s