All Nuts and Bolts

APUSH - all tests from 1 to 8 (9 tbd)

Christopher Columbus

an Italian navigator sailing for Spain, made his first voyage in 1492 seeking a westward route to Asia. Instead, he landed in the Caribbean, mistakenly believing he had reached the Indies. He made four voyages, claiming lands for Spain and initiating European colonization. Though he never reached Asia, his expeditions opened the Americas to Europe, sparking the Columbian Exchange and long-term indigenous devastation.

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers and soldiers, most notably Hernando Cortes, who brutally conquered South and Central America in search of wealth and power

Mayas, Incas, and Aztecs

Three powerful, complex native civilizations located in Central and South America

John Cabot

Italian explorer who sailed to the northeastern coast of North America in search of the northwest passage on English-sponsored voyage; England’s first documented contact with the New World

Hernando Cortes

Most notorious of the conquistadores, conquered the Aztecs primarily through the spread of disease; longtime governor of Cuba

Francisco Pizarro

Conquered Peru from the Incas in 1538, and opened South America to further European colonization

Joint-stock Company

Companies formed by groups of merchants to acquire royal charters and create a trading monopoly in a certain region; made up of shareholders (most important for us to know is the Virginia Company)

Virginia Company

Group of London merchants that received charter rights to southern North America from Walter Raleigh and established Jamestown, guaranteeing colonists the same rights as Englishmen

Tidewater

Coastal regions of Virginia that were settled first; more established, had greater political and social power, more favorable soil

Piedmont

Interior regions that were settled later as more immigration to Virginia occurred; less favorable soil, less political power, poorer felt isolated from rest of Jamestown

Puritanism

Christians in England that were influenced by Calvinism, sought to purify the Anglican Church. Charles I incited civil war and oppression against Protestants, driving them to Holland and later America

Invisible Saints

Comprised of all living, dead, and unborn chosen by god for salvation; completely pure; model for Puritans

Covenant

Agreement between God and people

Jamestown

Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company, it was the first permanent English colony in North America. Early settlers faced disease, starvation, and conflict with Native Americans. The colony stabilized after John Rolfe introduced tobacco. In 1619, it saw the first elected assembly and arrival of enslaved Africans. After a deadly 1622 attack, it became a royal colony and was eventually abandoned by 1699.

Coureurs de bois

French fur traders that crafted economic relationships with the natives in the interior of North America

Samuel Champlain

Founded Quebec, the first permanent French settlement in North America

Sir Walter Raleigh

Received the most wide-ranging charter in English history, led failed Roanoke colonization, named Virginia

Roanoke

Disastrous first English settlement that “disappeared,” located on an island off of Carolinas

John Smith

Took control of Jamestown, organized and attempted to stabilize colony; “saved” by Pocahontas, initiated attacks on natives, soon recalled

“Starving Times

” Initial period of incredible suffering and death in Jamestown, life expectancy 40 years

John Rolfe

Married Pocahontas, brought Tobacco to Virginia

“Head right

” Virginians were given 50 acres for each passage paid for; indentured servitude

Freeman

Adult Puritan men, could vote

Salem Witch Trials

Wave of hysteria that reflected socioeconomic, religious, and political tensions in Salem, Mass. 19 hanged as witches

Halfway Ordinance

Partial membership for persons who had not yet converted to the Puritan Church, lessened divide, more women representation

Mass. Education Act of 1647

First public school system in America, heavily based in religion, increased literacy rates

William Bradford

Governor of Plymouth 30 times, worried about nearby non-puritan settlers

Enclosure movement

Eviction of small farmers in England, fenced-in common area, pushed people to New World

Non-Separatist Puritans

Did not want to totally separate with Anglican Church, did want Reform

Mayflower Compact

1620 agreement that created a crude democratic government for Plymouth; general assemblies, covenant of grace, and social covenant

Plymouth

Mass, Settled by separatists, later merged with Mass Bay

Mass Bay Colony

Non-separationists, 1629 charter, settled heavily in Great Migration, 1st governor John Winthrop

John Winthrop

A model of Christian charity sermon, 1st governor of Mass Bay (19 years), calling from God, wanted to create City on a Hill

Prince Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal, navigation school, Portuguese exploration

Montesuma

Aztec leader conquered by Spanish

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador who discovered Miss. River in search of gold

Francisco de Coronado

Conquistador, explored north of Mexico into the current U.S

Jacques Cartier

French explorer, St. Lawrence river, claimed Canada

John Calvin

Predestination, strict moral standards

Seasoning

“acclimation” of indentured servants to conditions in North America, high death rate

1618 Reform progress of VA company

headright system introduced in desperate attempt to make VA profitable

House of Burgesses

1619, first meeting of elected legislature, council appointed by royal governor, James I did not trust

Great Migration 1630-43

Mass exodus of Protestants from England to Mass in 1630’s

Pilgrims

Separatists that settled in Plymouth

“City upon a hill

” Vision of John Winthrop for Mass Bay

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan rebel, charged with antinomianism for preaching extreme version of predestination, banished to RI after bragging she got beliefs directly from god

Fundamental Order of Connecticut

1639, first written constitution in America for Hartford legislature and governor

King Philip's War

Natives united against settlers in NE, forced retreat to Boston but ultimately huge failure, natives never again a threat,

Bacon’s Rebellion

Led by Bacon, piedmont settlers attack natives after gov’t inaction; Berkely driven from Jamestown, collapses after Bacon died and Berkely returns

Political Deference

Responsibility for governance rested with royal governors

Toleration Act of 1649

granted toleration to all Christian in Maryland, backfired when Protestants began oppressing Catholics; death to those not Christian

NE Colonies

Mass, New Hampshire (Maine), Connecticut, RI - rocky soil, short growing season, economy based on fishing and shipbuilding

Middle Colonies

NY, NJ, Penn - fertile soil, moderate winters - farming, mining, manufacturing and trade

Southern Colonies

VA, Maryland, Carolinas, Georgia - fertile soil, tobacco in tidewater region, divide between coast and backcountry

Royal Colony

Directly ruled by UK monarch, all but Penn, Maryland, and Delaware became royal

Corporate Colony

VA, Plymouth (initially), settled by joint stock companies, quickly became royal after bankruptcy in VA

Proprietary Colony

Initial type for almost all colonies, granted to individual or family

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania in 1682, religious experiment, extremely tolerant (Quaker safe haven)

Quakers

Broke from Church of England, pacifism, inner divinity and equity

Patroonship

Dutch plantations along Hudson River

Mercantilism

(really important) wealth measure in gold and silver, favorable balance of trade with colonies, manty acts to enforce

Navigation Acts

Good must be shipped on English ships, english crew, encouraged shipbuilding

Woolens Act

Woolen goods not exported from colony of manufacture

Hat Act

No trade of beaver hats from colony of origin; apprentice limits

Iron Act

Iron produced but could not construct furnaces for finished goods

Dominion of NE

England combined NE colonies into one under Andros, failed during Glorious revolution

Sir Edmund Andros

governor of Dominion of NE, changed many colonial laws without legislative consent, overthrown by colonists

Glorious Revolution

James II ousted in England, replaced by William and Mary, allowed for removal of Andros

Lower House of the Legislature

the elected bodies throughout the colonies (ex House of Burgesses)

“Triangular Trade

” Exchange of products, slaves, crops, ideas, disease, etc between North America, Africa, and Europe

Great Awakening

Caused by loss of piety, westward expansion, immigration, reaction against enlightenment, commercial development. Old and new lights, popular with women and blacks, separation of church/state, first shared experience, colleges, missionary work, increased religiousness

Jonathon Edwards

Great Awakening preacher, Sinners in the hands of an Angry God

John Peter Zenger

libel case led to basis of free speech in America

George Whitefield

English preacher who spread the Great Awakening through colonies, talented inflection, New Light

Baptists

Local churches, individual interpretation of Bible, no Church Creeds, popular in middle colonies, rural areas

Quitrent

Fee paid to farm on land not owned

Indentured servants

5-7 year voluntary work agreement, often to repay for passage to America, 90% died, almost all white initially

Freedom Dues

Paid to indentured servants at conclusion of their contract

Redemptioners

Families/persons that were granted passage on promise to work off debt in America, 4 years, contracted separately

Chattel slavery

lifelong slavery, treated as property, children automatically slaves

Middle Passage

Terrible conditions endured by slaves en route to America

Slave Codes

Laws that controlled lives of slaves, could not be educated, Christianity did not grant freedom

Established Churches

tax supported Anglican churches

Old and New Lights

Old - orthodox members of clergy; New - modern thinking members leading the Great Awakening. Founding of Ivy League schools

“Saving grace

” Grace of god brings people to salvation

Visible Saints

Those who publicly proclaimed conversion, expected to live godly lives

George Calvert

Lord Baltimore, Maryland charter - haven for Catholics, no starving time due to healthier location, St. Mary’s

Stono Rebellion

Only major slave rebellion, 1739, Carolinas, killed several whites but quickly crushed… main form of rebellion was running away

James Oglethorpe

Founded Georgia as military buffer, debtor and convicts

Charter of Liberties

1701 Constitution for Pennsylvania, freedom of religion, unlimited immigration

Fundamental Const. For Carolina

John Locke, social order and property distribution

Navigation Acts (1660-1663)

Required colonial shipping to be carried on English/colonial ships with English and/or colonial crews; helped promote shipbuilding industry in colonies

Wool Act (1699)

Woolen goods could not be exported from the colony where they were manufactured

Hat Act (1732)

Prohibited export of beaver hats from colony of origin; limited the number of apprentices a master could train

Iron Act (1750)

Allowed raw iron to be produced but could not construct furnaces or mills for finished goods

Molasses Act (1733)

Placed tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported from outside the empire

Mercantilism

Wealth measured by amount of gold and silver a country posses; economic policy aimed to create favorable balance of trade for the mother country

Political Structure of Colonial Governments

Colonies had elected bicameral legislatures,royally appointed governors, and enjoyed great autonomy under salutary neglect until the F/I war; common theme of east-west/coast-frontier divide however

Glorious Revolution

1688, James II deposed by William and Mary of Orange in bloodless revolution, led to dissolution of the Dominion of NE and small “civil war” type rebellions in NY and Maryland

“Lower House

” Typically called State Houses or Assemblies, responsible for the creation of most legislation; held great power right after the Revolution as states feared strong executives