The ONE (RNA Transcription & Processing)

RNA is?

Single stranded

DNA is a?

Duplex of 2 molecules that have complementary sequence (double stranded)

DNA_____

- Template for RNA synthesis

- Double stranded Helix

- Packaged as nucleosome units of DNA-wrapped protein (histone) complex

RNA______

- Template and mediator protein synthesis

- Single-stranded; helix dominant

- Folds into stable "Native" conformations

- Partners with nucleic acids and proteins

- Major regulator of gene expression; acts at all levels

What did 2'OH contribute?

Backbone conformation and the formation of tertiary structure

What are coding RNA?

- Messenger RNA (mRNA)

What are noncoding RNA?

- Ribosomla RNA (rRNA)

- Transfer RNA (tRNA)

- Long noncdoding RNA (lncRNA)

- Ribozymes

- Riboswitches

- microRNA

mRNA?

Transcribed from DNA and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis

(messenger RNAs, code for proteins)

microRNA?

Post-transcriptional regulators that bind to complimentary sequences in the three prime untranslated regions (3'UTRs) target messengers RNA transcripts (mRNAs), usually resulting in gene silencing.

(regulate gene expression typically by blocking trasnlation of selective mRNAs)

lncRNA?

Regulate gene expression at all levels using DNA, RNA, and Protein partners

Riboswitches

Reversibly bind specific metabolites and coenzymes and act as gene expression regulators

rRNAs?

ribosomal RNAs, form the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis

tRNAs

Transfer RNAs, central to protein synthesis as adaptors between mRNA and amino acids

snRNAs?

Small nuclear RNAs, function in a variety of nuclear processes, including the splicing of pre-mRNA

snoRNAs

small nucleolar RNAs, used to process and chemically modify rRNAs

scaRNAs

small cajal RNAs, used to modify snoRNAs and snRNAs

mi RNAs

regulate gene expression typically by blocking trasnlation of selective mRNAs

siRNAs

small interfering RNAs, turn off gene expression by directing degradation f selective mRNAs and the establishment of compact chromatin structures

how is DNA replication and RNA transcription different in terms of machinery?

DNA uses DNA polymerases to synthesize new DNA and needs 3'OH which is provided by RNA primer. (helicase, primase, ligase, and SSBs)

RNA tracriptios just needs RNA polymerase (no need of a primer)

how is DNA replication and RNA transcription different in terms of mechanism?

how is DNA replication and RNA transcription different in terms of initiation?

DNA replication- Start at origin of replication

RNA transcription- Begins at Promoter regions UPSTREAM of genes.

how is DNA replication and RNA transcription different in terms of template?

DNA replication - Both Strands serve as templates

RNA Transcription- Only one DNA strand is transcribed, and not all regions (only specific genes)

How is DNA replication and RNA transcription similar?

- Base pairing

- Polymerase and nucleotide triphosphates

- Unwind DNA helix

- Both use DNA as template

Transcription can be regulated at 2 levels

- Promoter level (cis regulation)

- Polymerase level (trans regulation)

RNA polymerase that moves left to right makes RNA using?

Bottom strand as template

RNA polymerase that moves right to left makes RNA using?

Top strand as template

NusG

NusA

Rho

sigma- factor

Quick Overview of transcriptional Process in prokaryotes

- Initiation: Polymerase- DNA associate via sigma factor & NTP binds

- Elongation: NTP fed chemical synthesis with procession

- Termination: Polymerase-DNA dissociate via hairpin & Rho

initiation transcriptional Process in prokaryotes

Polymerase- DNA associate via sigma factor & NTP binds

Elongation transcriptional Process in prokaryotes

NTP fed chemical synthesis with procession

Termination transcriptional Process in prokaryotes

Polymerase-DNA dissociate via hairpin & Rho

3 steps in transcription initiation

- Load polymerase onto DNA

- Parse the strands into specific regions within the polymerase active site (DNA scrunching)

- Load the nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) substrate