Introduction to Information Systems

System

A set of interacting components that work together to process inputs into outputs for a specific purpose.

Open System

Interacts with its environment; supports equifinality (many ways to reach the same goal).

Examples Of Open Systems

Human body, school registration system, hotel reservation system.

Information Systems (IS)

A blend of technology, data, people, and processes aimed at collecting, processing, storing, organizing, retrieving, and communicating information.

Examples of IS:

School registration portal, Online shopping platforms, Social media apps.

Information Processing Cycle

• Input: Collecting and converting data for processing.

• Processing: Transforming and manipulating the data.

• Storage: Holding data for later use.

• Output: Presenting the processed data.

• Control: Ensuring proper processing protocols.

Elements of an Information System

People, Processes, Data, Technology (hardware/software)

Software Types:

• Systems software: OS, utilities.

• Application software: Productivity tools, business apps.

Benefits of IS

Efficient data collection, storage, and manipulation. Fast and accurate information retrieval. Outputs are customizable for user needs.

Business Rules

Statements that define or constrain business behavior. Ensure consistency and guide decision-making.

IS and Organizational Change

Drives:

• Process improvements

• Automation (e.g., ATMs, Amazon orders)

• Control (e.g., course prerequisites)

• Information flow

Automation Technologies

• Robotic Process Automation (RPA): Automates repetitive, rule-based tasks.

• Intelligent Process Automation (IPA): Combines RPA with AI for tasks requiring judgment and learning.

Types of Information Systems

• Personal Applications: Individual productivity (e.g., Excel).

• Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): Handle high-volume routine transactions.

• Functional & Management IS: Focused on specific departments (e.g., HR, Sales).

• Integrated Enterprise Systems: Span across departments.

• Interorganizational Systems: Connect different organizations (e.g., supplier networks).

• Global Systems: Operate across countries.