Research Methods and Validity in Psychology: Belmont Report, Sampling, and Causation

Which principle of the Belmont Report focuses on fair treatment and distribution of research benefits?

Justice

What does informed consent ensure?

Risks and benefits are explained

What is deception in research?

When researchers mislead participants

What happens during debriefing?

The study purpose is explained after participation

A sample that does NOT represent the population is called?

Biased

Which sampling method gives every member of the population an equal chance of selection?

Probability

Cluster sampling involves?

Randomly selecting groups and surveying everyone in them

Stratified sampling requires?

Sampling from every subgroup

Snowball sampling is best used when?

Populations are rare or hidden

External validity refers to?

Generalizability of results

Internal validity means?

Alternative explanations are ruled out

Which of the following is a bivariate correlation?

Studying and sleep

A multivariate correlation involves?

Three or more variables

Which is NOT one of the three causal criteria?

External validity

In an experiment, the independent variable is?

What is manipulated

The dependent variable is?

The measured outcome

Predictor variables are like the ___ in experiments.

IV

The criterion variable is like the?

Dependent variable

Beta (β) shows?

Direction and strength while controlling for other variables

Can regression prove causation?

No

A factorial experiment has?

Two or more IVs

An interaction occurs when?

The effect of one IV depends on another

A moderator answers?

When/for whom?

A mediator answers?

Why?

A confound is?

A third variable creating a false relationship

Construct validity is about?

How well variables are measured

If a 95% CI includes 0, the result is?

Not significant

A between-subjects design means?

Different participants in each condition

A within-subjects design means?

The same participants experience all conditions

Random assignment helps prevent?

Selection effects

Name the three principles of the Belmont Report.

Respect for persons, Beneficence, Justice

What is temporal precedence?

The cause comes before the effect

Define covariance.

Variables are related/associated

What is counterbalancing used for?

Control order effects

What does random selection help increase?

External validity

What does random assignment help increase?

Internal validity

What does external validity focus on?

Generalizability

What is a crossover interaction?

Lines cross on a graph

What is a spreading interaction?

Lines spread apart without crossing

What type of design measures the DV only after manipulation?

Posttest-only design

What design measures the DV before and after manipulation?

Pretest/posttest design

What is a concurrent measures design?

Participants experience both conditions and give one preference

What kind of sampling is nonprobability and uses referrals?

Snowball sampling

What statistic shows the strength and direction of correlation?

Correlation coefficient (r)

What does a moderator variable explain?

When or for whom a relationship occurs

What does a mediator variable explain?

Why a relationship occurs

What kind of study can establish causation?

Experiments

Why can't correlational studies prove causation?

Because of possible confounds and lack of manipulation

What does statistical validity evaluate?

How strong and reliable the data conclusions are