Chapter 14: Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur

A set of 50 vocabulary flashcards covering the key concepts from the chapter on Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur.

Alcohol

An organic compound containing a hydroxyl group (–OH) that replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon.

Phenol

A compound containing a hydroxyl group (–OH) attached to a benzene ring.

Hydroxyl group

A functional group consisting of an oxygen atom connected to a hydrogen atom (-OH).

IUPAC

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, responsible for naming chemical compounds.

Methanol

A type of alcohol also known as methyl alcohol, with the formula CH3OH.

Ethanol

An alcohol commonly known as ethyl alcohol, with the formula CH3CH2OH.

Propanol

An alcohol with three carbon atoms, often referred to as propyl alcohol.

Isopropanol

Also known as isopropyl alcohol, a common alcohol used as a disinfectant.

Aromatic alcohol

An alcohol that contains an aromatic ring, named as a phenol.

Hydrogen bonding

A strong type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules that contain a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom.

Intermolecular forces

Forces that mediate interaction between molecules.

Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, often influenced by intermolecular forces.

Boiling point

The temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapor.

Melting point

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.

Glycerol

A sugar alcohol with three hydroxyl groups, used in pharmaceuticals and food.

Methanol poisoning

A toxic reaction to methanol ingestion, leading to coma or death.

Acetaldehyde

A toxic compound produced by the liver after alcohol ingestion.

Phenol in medicine

Benzene with a hydroxyl group, used in antiseptics and disinfectants.

Triclosan

An antibacterial and antifungal agent that was banned by the FDA.

Thiols

Organic compounds containing sulfur, characterized by a thiol group (–SH).

Ethers

Organic compounds that contain an ether group (–O–) between two carbon groups.

Anesthetics

Compounds used to induce anesthesia, often containing ethers.

Carbonyl group

A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom.

Aldehyde

An organic compound with a carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain.

Ketone

An organic compound with a carbonyl group between two other carbon atoms.

BPA

Bisphenol A, an industrial chemical found in many plastics.

Ethanediol

Commonly known as ethylene glycol, used in antifreeze.

Propofol

A medication used to induce and maintain anesthesia.

Aliphatic compound

A compound in which the carbon atoms are arranged in straight or branched chains.

Diethyl ether

An organic compound used historically as an anesthetic.

(–OH) group

A hydroxyl group that makes alcohols polar and capable of hydrogen bonding.

Anaerobic metabolism

The process by which the liver metabolizes alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

Euphoria

A feeling of intense happiness or excitement often experienced after alcohol consumption.

Coma

A state of prolonged unconsciousness resulting from severe alcohol intoxication.

Gastrointestinal effects

Physical reactions of the digestive tract in response to substances such as alcohol.

Flavoring compounds

Compounds like aldehydes used to enhance the taste and aroma of foods.

Organic solvents

Solvents derived from organic compounds, typically used in laboratories or industry.

Ozone layer

A region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Disinfectants

Chemical agents used to destroy or deactive harmful microorganisms.

Fatty acids

Long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end, often found in lipids.

Electronegativity

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself.

Molecular weight

The sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule.

Chemical reaction

A process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.

Hydrocarbon

An organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

Substituent

An atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon.

Alkyl group

A hydrocarbon substituent derived from an alkane by removing one hydrogen atom.