APWORLD UNIT 7 vocab

Russo-Japanese War

A conflict between Russia and Japan (1904-1905) over imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea, resulting in a surprising Japanese victory.

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party that advocated for a socialist revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin, and took power in the October Revolution of 1917.

Communists

Members of a political ideology advocating for a classless society and the abolition of private property, often associated with Marxism.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen

A Chinese revolutionary and political leader who played a key role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and is considered the father of modern China.

Young Turks

A revolutionary group in the early 20th century that sought to reform the Ottoman Empire and promote Turkish nationalism.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in 1914 triggered the outbreak of World War I.

Gavrilo Princip

The Bosnian Serb nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, leading to the start of World War I.

Black Hand

A secret society of Serbian nationalists responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Militarism

The belief in building up strong armed forces to prepare for war, often leading to an arms race among nations.

Alliances

Agreements between nations to provide mutual support in case of conflict, which contributed to the escalation of World War I.

Triple Entente (Allies)

An alliance formed between France, Russia, and Great Britain before World War I, opposing the Central Powers.

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before World War I.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means.

Nationalism (MAIN)

A strong identification with and pride in one's nation, often leading to the desire for independence or dominance.

How did the industrial revolution impact warfare in WWI?

The industrial revolution introduced new technologies such as machine guns, poison gas, and tanks, leading to more lethal and mechanized warfare.

Trench warfare

A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other, characterized by stalemates and high casualties.

Poison gas

Chemical weapons used in World War I that caused severe injuries and deaths, leading to the development of gas masks.

Machine guns

Automatic firearms that significantly increased firepower on the battlefield during World War I.

Submarines (U-boats for Germany)

German submarines used during World War I to disrupt Allied shipping and naval operations.

Airplanes

Aircraft used for reconnaissance and combat during World War I, marking the beginning of aerial warfare.

Zimmermann Telegram

A secret diplomatic communication from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the United States, which contributed to U.S. entry into WWI.

Lusitania

A British ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, leading to increased anti-German sentiment in the U.S.

Total war

A war strategy that involves mobilizing all of a nation's resources and population to support the war effort.

Propaganda

Information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a political cause or point of view, especially during wartime.

Global war due to colonies

The expansion of conflict beyond Europe, as colonial powers drew their colonies into the war, making it a global conflict.

Paris Peace Conference

The meeting of Allied victors after World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.

Woodrow Wilson

The 28th President of the United States who played a key role in the Paris Peace Conference and proposed the Fourteen Points.

14 Points

A statement of principles for peace negotiations to end World War I, proposed by President Woodrow Wilson.

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among countries.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

Self-determination

The principle that nations have the right to determine their own political status and govern themselves.

Weimar Republic

The democratic government established in Germany after World War I, which faced numerous challenges and ultimately collapsed.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted throughout the 1930s.

John Maynard Keynes

A British economist whose ideas on government intervention in the economy influenced economic policies during the Great Depression.

Deficit spending

The practice of spending more money than is received in revenue, often used by governments to stimulate economic growth.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

The 32nd President of the United States who implemented the New Deal to address the Great Depression.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt to recover from the Great Depression.

Joseph Stalin

The leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, known for his totalitarian regime and policies.

Fascism

A far-right authoritarian ultranationalist political ideology characterized by dictatorial power and strong centralized control.

Benito Mussolini

An Italian politician and leader of the National Fascist Party, who ruled Italy as a dictator from 1922 to 1943.

Hyperinflation

An extremely high and typically accelerating inflation rate, often resulting in the collapse of a country's currency.

Hypernationalism

An extreme form of nationalism that promotes the interests of one nation above all others, often leading to xenophobia.

Balfour Declaration

A statement issued by the British government in 1917 expressing support for a 'national home for the Jewish people' in Palestine.

Zionists

Members of the movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Palestine

A geographic region in Western Asia, historically significant for its religious and cultural heritage, and the focus of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Indian National Congress

A political party in India that played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement against British rule.

Massacre at Amritsar

A tragic event in 1919 where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed Indian civilians, leading to widespread outrage and protests.

Mohandas Gandhi

An Indian leader known for his nonviolent resistance against British rule and his role in the Indian independence movement.

Satyagraha

A philosophy and practice of nonviolent resistance developed by Mohandas Gandhi to bring about social and political change.

Civil disobedience

The active refusal to obey certain laws or demands of a government as a form of peaceful protest.

Salt March

A nonviolent protest led by Gandhi in 1930 against British salt laws, symbolizing the struggle for Indian independence.

Pakistan

A country in South Asia that was created in 1947 as a separate nation for Muslims during the partition of British India.

Partition

The division of British India into two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, in 1947.

Mao Zedong

The founding father of the People's Republic of China and a key figure in the Chinese Communist Party.

Adolf Hitler

The leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945, known for his role in World War II and the Holocaust.

Nazism

The fascist ideology of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, characterized by totalitarianism, nationalism, and anti-Semitism.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews.

Nuremberg Laws

Racial laws enacted in Nazi Germany in 1935 that stripped Jews of their citizenship and rights.

Ghettos

Sections of cities where Jews were forced to live in overcrowded and inhumane conditions during the Holocaust.

Axis Powers

The coalition of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II, opposing the Allied Powers.

Appeasement

The policy of making concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid conflict, notably used by Britain and France towards Nazi Germany.

Blitzkrieg

A military tactic used by Germany in World War II characterized by rapid and surprise attacks to overwhelm the enemy.

Winston Churchill

The British Prime Minister during World War II, known for his leadership and oratory skills in rallying the British people.

Pearl Harbor

The site of a surprise military attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, leading to U.S. entry into World War II.

Douglas MacArthur

An American general who played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II and accepted Japan's surrender.

Island hopping

A military strategy used by the Allies in the Pacific during World War II to capture strategic islands and bypass others.

D-Day

The Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, marking a significant turning point in World War II.

Aircraft carriers

Naval vessels that serve as a seagoing airbase, capable of carrying, launching, and recovering aircraft.

Fire bombing

A bombing technique that uses incendiary bombs to cause widespread fire damage, notably used in World War II.

Atomic bomb

A powerful weapon that uses nuclear reactions to create an explosion, used by the U.S. against Japan in World War II.

Hiroshima

The Japanese city where the first atomic bomb was dropped by the United States on August 6, 1945.

Nagasaki

The Japanese city where the second atomic bomb was dropped by the United States on August 9, 1945.

Armenian Genocide

The systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

Influenza pandemic of 1918 (Spanish Flu)

A deadly influenza virus outbreak that infected one-third of the world's population and caused millions of deaths in 1918-1919.

Holocaust

The genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by the Nazi regime during World War II.

Final Solution

The Nazi plan for the systematic extermination of the Jewish people during the Holocaust.

Comfort women

Women and girls forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.

Japanese-American internment camps

Detention centers where Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated and confined during World War II in the U.S.

Rwanda genocide

The mass slaughter of Tutsi by Hutu extremists in Rwanda in 1994, resulting in the deaths of approximately 800,000 people.

Hutus

An ethnic group in Rwanda that perpetrated the genocide against the Tutsi in 1994.

Tutsis

An ethnic group in Rwanda that was targeted during the genocide in 1994.

Darfur

A region in Sudan where a genocide occurred in the early 2000s, resulting in mass killings and displacement.