World Civ Final: Terms/People Overview

Neolithic Revolution

switch from hunter-gatherers to agriculture from 11,000 - 8,000 BCE

5 characteristics of civilization

1. Complex intuitions - institutions that have more technology and specialized workers

Barter Economy

To trade or exchange goods and services, rather than using money to buy what is needed

Scribe

trained writer in ancient societies, records laws, events, and trade

Cuneiform

ancient Mesopotamian written language of wedge-shaped symbols

Quipu

used to keep records by using different colors and the number of knots

Hieroglyphics

ancient Egyptian picture writing

Maya codex/codices (ID)

books made by the Maya used bark paper; and contained writing on astronomy, rituals, and history

Oracle Bones

animal bones or turtle shells

Homo-Sapiens

wise humans

Paleolithic Age

“Old Stone Age”. Prehistory to 11,000 BCE.

Neolithic Age

“New Stone Age”. 11,000 BCE to 3,000 BCE

Nomad

to wander around and live in many places. Usually in search of food

Hunter-Gatherer

where one roams around to find food and to hunt animals

Domestication of Animals

tain animals so that we can raise them (first was the dog)

Papyrus

Plant-based paper used in ancient Egypt for writing documents, scrolls, and records

Mesoamerica

Mexico - Panama, middle of North and South America

Rosetta Stone (ID)

an ancient stele inscribed with the same decree in Greek, Demotic, and hieroglyphic scripts, crucial for unlocking the meaning of ancient Egyptian writing

Benin Bronzes

a collection of intricately crafted brass plaques and sculptures from the Kingdom of Benin, looted by British forces in 1897

British Museum

a museum with a collection of different artifacts, some “stolen,” including objects acquired during colonial rule, such as the Rosetta Stone and Benin Bronzes, sparking ongoing debates about cultural restitution

Pharaoh

gods on Earth for a period of time

Monarchy

a government having a single ruler

Dynasty

a family of rulers

Patriarchal

everything is related to the father in charge

Monotheism

a religion with one god

Polytheism

a religion with many gods

Animism

the belief that objects in nature have spirits

Theocracy

a form of government that gets its power from religion

Feudalism

an economic and political system based on the exchange of land for loyalty and protection

Mandate of Heaven

the right to rule given by gods

Dynastic Cycle

the cyclical rise and fall of dynasties based on the approval of the gods

Empire

to regions and people brought under a single authority, often by force

Stele (ID)

rock pillar that Hammurabi would write all of his codes on

Legalism

emphasizes the importance of power and the untrustworthiness of people

Daoism

emphasizes aligning oneself with the way of nature

Confucianism

Chinese philosophy; that stresses order, respect, education, and family roles; founded by Confucius.

Ideology

a set of beliefs or ideas that guide a person, group, or society

Patriarchy / Patriarchal

everything is related to the father in charge

“Eye for an eye”

principle of equal punishment; justice based on revenge or balance; from ancient law codes

Code of Hammurabi

Babylonian law code (c. 1750 BCE); one of the earliest written laws; used harsh, unequal punishments

Social Hierarchy

ranking of people by class, status, or power within a society

Yin Yang (ID)

illustrates the idea of Daoism by showing opposite things in one picture/symbol, good vs evil(cookie with black and white swirly)

Command Economy

economic system where the government controls production, prices, and distribution of goods

Philosophy

the study of the big questions of life and the world

Plato - on gov’t

philosopher and student of Socrates. questioned the perfect order for society

Aristotle

the scientific method

Buddhism

teaches ending suffering through the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path

1619

the first Africans were brought to Virginia as slaves

Segregation

separating people based on race, often by law, especially in public places like schools, buses, and restaurants

Stono Rebellion

the 1739 slave revolt in South Carolina; led by enslaved Africans; resulted in harsher slave laws

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

the 1831 Virginia slave uprising; led by Nat Turner; caused fear and stricter slave codes

Abolition

Movement to end slavery in the U.S.; led by activists like Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth

Middle Passage/Transatlantic Slave Trade

The process of bringing Africans from Africa to the Caribbeans

Emancipation Proclamation

1863 order by Abraham Lincoln; freed slaves in Confederate states; shifted Civil War focus to ending slavery

HBCU

Historically Black Colleges and Universities; founded to educate African Americans after slavery

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 federal agency; that helped formerly enslaved people with education, jobs, and legal support during Reconstruction

13th, 14th, 15th Amendment

13th - slavery is abolished, 14th - gave citizenship to all people born in the US, 15th - have African American men the right to vote

Black Codes

laws passed after the Civil War; that restricted the rights of freed African Americans in the South

Sharecropping

a system where farmers (often former slaves) worked land owned by someone else in return for a share of the crops

KKK

hate group formed after the Civil War that used violence and terror to oppose civil rights for Black Americans and other minorities

Juneteenth

a holiday on June 19th that celebrates the end of slavery in the U.S., marking the day in 1865 when enslaved people in Texas learned they were free

Jim Crow

state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the South from the late 1800s to 1960s

Plessy v. Ferguson

a Supreme Court case that allowed racial segregation by approving the idea of "separate but equal" facilities

Brown v. Board

1954 Supreme Court case; ended school segregation; declared “separate but equal” unconstitutional.

Harlem Renaissance

1920s cultural movement; celebrated Black art, music, and literature in Harlem, New York.

Lynching

illegal mob killings, often by hanging; used to terrorize Black Americans, especially in the South.

Apologist

someone who defends or supports an idea, belief, or person, often in the face of criticism

Suffrage

the right to vote

Seneca Falls Convention 1848

The first women’s rights convention; led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton; called for women’s equality and suffrage.

19th Amendment

women get the right to vote

Jane Addams

founded the Hull House in Chicago in 1889

Hull House/Settlement House

founded by Jane Addams, it was active in social/political role

Susan B. Anthony

key woman abolitionist

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

women’s rights leader; wrote Declaration of Sentiments; organized Seneca Falls Convention; fought for women’s suffrage

The Second Great Awakening

early 19th-century religious revival; promoted reform movements; increased women's public roles.

Title IX

1972 law banning sex discrimination in federally funded education; expanded women’s sports and rights

Sandra Day O’Connor

the first female to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court

NOW

(National Organization for Women) said we don't accept the traditional assumption that a woman has to choose between marriage and motherhood

Republican Mothers

reinforced women’s role in the home, encouraged women to be educated, and both empowered and limited women 1735-1800

Temperance

a movement that was trying to ban alcohol to help people with addictions

God, Gold, Glory

the motives for the Europeans when finding land; god - to spread Christianity, gold - to find valuable resources, glory - for fame and to bring honor to their nation

Astrolabe

made it possible for navigators to track their position

Compass

device used for determining direction using Earth's magnetic field

Lateen Sail

made it easier to sail into the wind

Cartography

making of maps

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who wanted to convert people from Asia to Christianity

Vasco DeGama

Portuguese explorer, explored the east African coast ,reached the port of Calicut in 1498

Christopher Columbus

founded many new places but didn’t know it

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of food, animals, and disease between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (North and South America)

Smallpox

a disease spread from trade routes

Age of Exploration

15th-17th centuries, Europe nations (Spain, GB, France, and Portugal) explored parts of the world unknown to them and established colonies

Mongols

Indigenous nomadic central Asian people

Pax Mongolica

Mongolian peace

Indigenous

the original people from that area

Silk Roads

a series of primarily overland routes that connected civilizations from Asia to Europe

Cultural Diffusion

refers to the large-scale spread of goods and ideas between cultures

Hammurabi

Babylonian king; created one of the first written law codes.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher; who taught respect, family duty, and social order

Laozi

Founder of Daoism; emphasized living in harmony with nature

Galileo

Italian scientist; who supported heliocentric theory; improved the telescope