INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS (that defined society)

Copernicus

• Proposed the Heliocentric theory (sun is the center of the universe)

• The Copernican model was initially judged and was banned by the Catholic church

Heliocentric Theory

Sun is the center of the universe

The Origin of Species

Presented evidences on how species evolved over time

The Origin of Species

Presented evidences on how species evolved over time

Sigmund Freud

• Is a famous figure in the field of psychology

• He is the founder of psychoanalysis, the scientific way to study human mind and neurotic illness

What are the scientific revolutions

• Mesoamerica

• Asia

• Africa

Mesoamerica

Includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South America

Maya Civilization

• Known for their works in astronomy

• Incorporated their understanding in astronomy to their temples for astronomical observations

• Mayans measured time by using calendars to plan their activities and in observing religious rituals and cultural celebrations

• Used a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics

• Mayans were skilled in mathematics and created a number system

• Developed the concept of zero

Mayan Hieroglyphics

Writing system

Inca Civilization

• Roads paved with stones

• Stone buildings

• Suspension bridge

• Calendar with 12 months

• Quipu

Aztec Civilization

• Mandatory education

• Chocolates

• Antipasmodic medication

• Chinampa

• Aztec Calendar

• Invention of the canoe

Asia: India

• Hindu-Arabic numeral system

Aryabhata

Number of trigonometric functions and algorithms in algebra

Brahmagupta

The use of zero as a placeholder and a decimal digit

Asia: China

• Traditional medicines

• First seismological detector

Ibn al-Haitham

Principles of optics

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

Responsible for spreading the Hindu–Arabic numeral system

Africa

• Development of geometry for building of rectilinear structures

• Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy

• Astronomy was famous in Africa