Module 10 - Global City
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What does globalization being spatial mean?
It occurs in physical spaces and can be seen instantly in cities.
What happens when skyscrapers and high-rise condominiums are built?
The lands of the poor are bought and they have to move.
What makes globalization move?
The fact that it is based in places.
Give two examples of globalization tied to specific cities.
Los Angeles (Hollywood), Tokyo (SONY headquarters).
What percentage of the world lived in urban areas in 1950?
30%
What percentage of the world lived in urban areas in 2014?
54%
What percentage of the world is projected to live in urban areas by 2050?
66%
Who identified three global cities in 1991?
Saskia Sassen
Give the three global cities identified by Sassen.
New York, London, Tokyo
What stock exchange is associated with New York?
New York Stock Exchange
What stock exchange is associated with London?
Financial Times Stock Exchange
What stock exchange is associated with Tokyo?
Nikkei
What was Sassen’s main criterion for identifying global cities?
Economic power
Which U.S. city aside from New York is considered a global city?
San Francisco
Give three Chinese cities reflecting the growth of China’s economy.
Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou
When was the Shanghai Stock Exchange established?
1990
Give two Australian cities considered global.
Sydney and Melbourne
Why is Sydney considered a global city?
Commands the greatest proportion of capital
Why is Melbourne considered a global city?
world’s “most livable city”
Why is defining a global city difficult?
It goes beyond the simple dichotomy of global and non-global.
What guiding question can help define global cities?
In what ways are cities global and to what extent are they global?
Give the four main indicators of globality.
Economic power, centers of authority, centers of political influence, centers of higher learning and culture
What is an example of economic power in global cities?
Stock exchange
What criteria determine economic competitiveness?
Market size, purchasing power, potential for growth
Give two examples of centers of authority.
Seat of government, major international organizations
Give two examples of centers of political influence.
Policy-making hubs, diplomatic centers
Give three examples of centers of higher learning and culture.
Publishing, universities, media hubs
What shows the cultural power of New York?
It has been described in many songs.
Give three challenges of global cities.
Inequality, poverty, violence
Why are global cities targets for terrorists?
Because of their populations and symbolism
What phrase describes the effect of economic globalization on inequality?
Economic globalization has paved the way for massive inequality
What trend is seen in the middle class of global cities?
Thinning or hollowing out
Where are high-income jobs concentrated?
In global cities
What pushes out poor residents in global cities?
Rising real estate (gentrification)
What does the hollowing out of the middle class cause?
Heightened inequality
What double character do global cities hold?
A paradise for some, but not for others
Who conceptualized a global network of cities as early as 1927? (RM)
Roderick McKenzie
When did the concept of global city emerge in social science literature according to Gilpin?
1980s
Who added cultural perspective by ranking New York, London, and Paris at the top?
Sharon Zukin (1998)
What cultural shift did Sharon Zukin describe?
From “landscapes of production” to “landscapes of consumption”
Who described global cities as “data cities”? (MF)
Mike Featherstone (1998)
Who described global cities as “brain hubs” and “human ecosystems”? (EM)
Enrico Moretti (2012)
Who described global cities as “liquid environments”? (ZB)
Zygmunt Bauman (2005)
Who called global cities places for the “creative class”?
Richard Florida (2005)
What does Richard Florida argue about geography?
It is not dead because creativity still clusters in cities.
Who described people in global cities as hypermobile and socially detached? (RS)
Richard Sennett (1998)
According to Claudio & Abinales, what are three attributes of global cities?
Economic power, centers of authority, higher learning and culture
What are examples of economic power listed by Claudio & Abinales?
Largest stock markets, corporate HQs, role in supply chain
What makes global cities attractive to professionals?
Economic opportunities
Give two elements of economic competitiveness according to Claudio & Abinales.
Market size and incorruptible government
What are examples of centers of higher learning in global cities?
Top world schools, English-language universities
Which U.S. city is a hub for film?
Los Angeles
Which city is known as a hub for cuisine?
Paris
What six criteria are used by the Global Power City Index (2011)?
Economy, research and development, cultural interaction, liveability, environment, accessibility
Give three undersides of global cities.
Sites of poverty, inequality, violence
Give two structural challenges of global cities.
Lack of public transportation, lack of housing
Give two environmental challenges of global cities.
Pollution, high energy consumption
What makes global cities vulnerable to terrorism?
Population size and symbolic value
What is gentrification?
Process where rising real estate prices push out poorer residents
What does gentrification lead to?
Residential segregation
Give an example of class polarization in global cities.
Affluent separated from the poor
What is the impact of economic globalization on inequality?
It paved the way for massive inequality
What do global cities consume much of?
The world’s energy
What kind of lifestyle do global cities project?
Fast-paced, exciting, cosmopolitan
What contrasts with the cosmopolitan image of global cities/ issues with global cities?
Inequality, poverty, violence
What lesson can be drawn from studying global cities?
They shape globalization and highlight inequality
List the global cities mentioned in North America.
New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco
List the global cities mentioned in Europe.
London, Paris
List the global cities mentioned in Asia.
Tokyo, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou
List the global cities mentioned in Australia.
Sydney, Melbourne
Refers to a broader, interconnected group of people worldwide, facilitated by both physical interactions and the online space
Global Communities
Are physical, geographically concentrated urban areas that function as hubs for the global economy, culture, and information flow
Global cities