Clinical Vocab Review: Eyes, Ears, Nose, Throat, Breast, Respiratory, and Cardiovascular Systems

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering medical terminology for eye conditions, auditory structures, oral pathology, breast exams, respiratory physiology, and cardiovascular assessments based on the lecture transcript.

Accommodation

adaptation of the eye for near vision by increasing the curvature of the lens

Anisocoria

unequal pupil size

Arcus senilis

gray-white arc or circle around the limbus of the iris that is common with aging

Argyll Robertson pupil

pupil does not react to light; does constrict with accommodation

Astigmatism

refractive error of vision due to differences in curvature in refractive surfaces of the eye (cornea and lens)

Bitemporal hemianopsia

loss of both temporal visual fields

Cataract

opacity of the lens of the eye that develops slowly with aging and gradually obstructs vision

Conjunctivitis

infection of the conjunctiva, “pinkeye”

Cup-to-disc ratio

ratio of the width of the physiologic cup to the width of the optic disc, normally half or less

Diopter

unit of strength of the lens settings on the ophthalmoscope that changes focus on the eye structures

Drusen

benign deposits on the ocular fundus that show as round yellow dots and occur commonly with aging

Glaucoma

a group of eye diseases characterized by an increased intraocular pressure

Miosis

constricted pupils

Mydriasis

dilated pupils

Myopia

nearsighted; refractive error in which near vision is better than far vision

Presbyopia

decrease in power of accommodation that occurs with aging

Strabismus

(squint, crossed eye) disparity of the eye axes

Cerumen

yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear canal

Eustachian tube

connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and allows the passage of air

Otalgia

pain in the ear

Tinnitus

ringing in the ears

Vertigo

a spinning, twirling sensation

Candidiasis

white, cheesy, curd-like patch on buccal mucosa due to superficial fungal infection

Epistaxis

nosebleed, usually from anterior septum

Koplik spots

small, blue-white spots with red halo over oral mucosa; early sign of measles

Leukoplakia

chalky white, thick, raised patch on sides of tongue; precancerous

Colostrum

thin, yellow fluid, precursor of milk, secreted for a few days after birth

Gynecomastia

excessive breast development in the male

Peau d’orange

orange peel appearance of breast due to edema

Thelarche

beginning of prepubertal breast development

Alveoli

functional units of the lung; the thin-walled chambers surrounded by networks of capillaries that are the site of respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen

Angle of Louis

manubriosternal angle, the articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum, continuous with the $2^{nd}$ rib

Bradypnea

slow breathing, fewer than $10$ breaths per minute, regular rate

Tachypnea

rapid, shallow breathing; more than $24$ breaths per minute

Hypercapnia

increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

Hypoxemia

decreased level of oxygen in the blood

Kussmaul respiration

type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis

Angina pectoris

acute chest pain that occurs when the myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply

Apex

tip of the heart pointing down toward the $5^{th}$ left intercostal space

Apical impulse

point of maximal impulse (PMI); pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole, normally at the $5^{th}$ left intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Bradycardia

slow heart rate, less than $50$ beats per minute in the adult

Tachycardia

rapid heart rate, greater than $95$ beats per minute in adults

Systole

the heart’s pumping phase

Diastole

the heart’s filling phase

Allen test

test that determines the patency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing the return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery

Pitting edema

indentation left after the examiner depresses skin over swollen edematous tissue

Pulsus paradoxus

beats have weaker amplitude with respiratory inspiration, stronger with expiration