history exam

Restrictive covenants

Legal binding agreements included in property deeds that prohibited the sale/lease to African Americans. They were used as a tool to enforce racial segregation in housing and prohibited black people in certain neighborhoods so it led to overcrowding housing due to the limited options

De facto segregation

Racial segregation that occurs due to social norms rather than a result of explicit laws. This also fuels the civil rights movements as activists sought to challenge the systemic barriers to equality and justice. Efforts to combat segregation in various aspects as Montgomery bus boycott and sit-ins

A. Phillip randolph

A civil rights leader that founded the brotherhood of sleeping cars porters and was an important figure behind the march of Washington and the force behind segregation of the military.

Brotherhood of sleeping car porters

The first African American labor union which was created by Randolph to fight racial discrimination and improve working conditions for African American railroad workers. This was a successful sign of power of organized labor in challenging systemic racism

Second great migration

The movement of African Americans to the northern cities such as Chicago during the 60s. Black Chicago expanded by poverty and hunger to get jobs. This was a move for necessity rather than opportunity compared to the first migration

Adam clayton Powell Jr

The first African American elected to congress from New York and served as a member of the House of Representatives. He was a co-sponsor of the civil rights act in the 60s which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, and sex. The voting rights act allowed African American to exercise their right to vote

Double V campaign

During world war 2, V meant victory in war but for blacks there was a second V that meant victory over dramatic forces at home such as Jim Crow/segregation. This emphasized that African Americans were willing to fight for democracy abroad while simultaneously fighting for their own rights as citizens at home.

Congress of racial equality (CORE)

Founded in the 40s by students in Chicago, CORE played a crucial role in organizing nonviolent protests and direct action campaigns aimed at ending racial segregation and discrimination. One of the most noble contribution was organizing the freedom rides in the 60s.

Brown V. board of education

This overturned the doctrine of “separate but equal” and declared that public schools were unconstitutional, making the ending of legal segregation in public education. The decision became a powerful symbol of civil rights movement and inspired activists to challenge segregation and fight for racial equality in various aspects in the country.

Little rock nine

A group of African American high school students that challenged racial segregation in public schools in the 50s. Their significance was that there were the first African Americans students to enter the school even though they were getting threats and in danger.

White citizens councils

A network of white supremacist organization that emerged during the 50/60s in response to the civil rights movements: there was exerted influence over local and state governments in southern states. They endorsed and supported political candidates that would support their racial views. Their tactics also involved boycotts

Rolling segregation

Segregation that took place in buses and didn’t have clear divisional lines so black people were consistently told to move to the back when it was convenient. This was a humiliating occurrence that they had to experience

Jo Ann Robinson

A professor that was a key organizer in the Montgomery bus boycott. She distributed fliers, organized carpools, and sustained the boycott through collective action. Her planning and advocacy effort were Estonian as the boycott lasted for a year and desegregation in public transportation took place.

E D Nixon

The president of the local chapter of NAACP in Montgomery and helped mobilize the African American community to protest against the segregated transportation system after Paris was arrested. He was also a mentor to king during his early stages of the role in the civil rights movement and provided support as they worked together.

Montgomery improvement association

An organization that’s known for its leadership during the bus boycott. It was formed in response to parks arrest and was led by king. They organized protests for segregation.

Bayard rustin

He played a crucial role in organizing various civil rights protests and movements. He was best known as the chief organizer of the march on Washington. He believed in nonviolent resistance and was heavily influenced by ghandjs philosophy of nonviolence.

Southern christian leadership conf (SCLC

Formed by king and shuttlesworth and other leaders to organize as lead protests. It coordinated protests aimed at challenging segregation with a nonviolent approach such as Montgomery bus boycott and march on Washington.

John lewis

One of the formal freedom riders that called segregation on interstate buses in the south during the 60s. One of the big leaders such as king were key organizers in marchers such as March on Washington.

Tougaloo college

A college that was established in the south that quickly became a place for activism during the movement. It also created a meeting place for leaders such as king to discuss and strategize protests.

March on washington

Took place in the 60s to fight for freedom and jobs. About 250,000 people attended and involved many leader such as king where he gave his “I have a dream speech”. It played a major role in advocating for many acts and legislatives that addressed racial inequality.

Diane nash

Known for being a figure in the moment as well as her role in sit ins and the freedom riders. She was the founder of SNCC and known for her bravery despite her young age.

Student nonviolent coordinating Cmte (SNCC)

Formed by young activists such as Diane Nash to address racial injustice. It was many college students with fresh ideas that created a youth driven energy. They challenged the status quo and focused on the voting rights in rural areas in the south

Medgar evers

Field secretary of NAACP and played a major role in boycotts, voter registration drives, and protests in Mississippi.

Richard daley

Mayor of Chicago from the 50-70s and recognized the political importance of the African American community and supported their work. Supported African American politicians which gained him seats in city government.

Kerner commission

Established by President Johnson to go to cities with riots and investigate the cause of those riots. He created a report that included all the root problems of the riots and brought attention to those problems.

Stokley Carmichael

Known through his work and involvement with SNCC where he organized and led protests. He popularized the concept of “black power” and believed they should assert their rights and identity. His speeches empowered and fueled people.

Black panthers

Founded by newton in California. They organized community patrols to moniter police behavior and advocate for blacks to defend themselves against violence.

Heuy newton

Cofounder of black panthers in the 60s and his contributed heavily influenced the ideology of the black panthers. He drew on from Malcom x and black nationalism and the need to armed self defense and community empowerment.

Bakke v. university of california

A Supreme Court case that took place after a white student was denied admission even though he got higher grades than most minority students. That was became they were accessed admission through a special program that wanted to increase diversity and he said that was discrimination.

Rodney king

A man that was beaten by LA police in the 90s and a video of that went viral as it highlighted police brutality against the community. He became a figure in the movement against police brutality but lost the case when the court found the officers not guilty and walked away. This cause riots in many cities in the country and he gave a speech saying “why can’t we all get along”