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Metabolism
Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions combined
Anabolic
Synthesis of complex molecules living in organisms from simpler ones, together with the storage of energy (Endergonic)
Catabolic
Breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms into simpler ones, releasing energy (Exergonic).
Chemical Potential Energy
Stored in ATP and drives most cellular work
Entropy
Natural tendency towards disorder and randomness in a system
Exergonic
Proceeds with a net release of free energy, is spontaneous (catabolism)
Endergonic
Absorbs free energy from its surrounding and is nonspontaneous
Energy of Activation
Initail energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Active Site
Region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
Cofactors
Non-protein enzyme helpers
Coenzymes
Organic cofactors
Allosteric Regulation
Enzymes that have active and inactive switches with activators and inhibitors.
Why are living things open systems
Constantly exchanging matter with their surroundings.
Relationship between Stability and Free Energy:
As stability increases, free energy decreases, leading to a more favorable and less reactive state.
Relationship between Exergonic and Endergonic
Exergonic reactions release energy, while endergonic reactions require energy input to proceed.
How is energy released from ATP
When the phosphate bond is broken with hydrolysis, energy stored in a broken bond is available to power various cellular processes.
What types of cellular work are powered by ATP?
Three main types: Mechaincal, chemical, and transport work
How is ATP regenrated?
Primarily through cellular respiration. Converting ADP into ATP.
Why are enzymes defined as catalysts
Biological molecules that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed or altered.
How do enzymes lower Ea of a reaction?
Providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower energy barrier.H
ow does pH and temperature affect the activity of an enzyme
Enzymes have optimal pH and temperature ranges at which they function most efficiently. Deviations from these ranges can lead to decreased activity or denaturation.
Difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition
Competitive inhibition involves inhibitors binding to the active site, while noncompetitive inhibition involves binding to an allosteric site, affecting enzyme activity without blocking substrate access.
Feedback inhibition
End product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway. Prevents a cell wasting chemical resources by synthesizing more prodcut then needed. (Negative Feedback).
Closed System
Does not allow matter to leave, but can exchange energy with its surroundings.
Open system
Energy and matter can be transferred between system and its surroundings
Metabolic Pathway
Begins with specific molecule and ends with a product, each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
What is Delta G?
A measure of the change in free energy during a process; indicates whether a process is spontaneous.
Three kinds of cell work:
Mechanical, Tranpsport, Chemical.
Phosphorylation
Transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule
First part of Activation Energy Graph
Reactants
Middle Section of Ea graph
Transition state
Last part of Ea graph
Products
What is on left side of Ea graph?
Free EnergyWh
What is on bottom of Ea graph?
Progress of the reaction
Induced Fit
Brings chemical groups of the active sites into positions that enhance catyzation