ptlw unit 2.1.1-2.1.6 study guide review (๑>ᴗ<๑)

we're not cooked guys

who is a medical assistant?

an unlicensed caregiver who works primarily in doctors’ offices and clinics.

who is a nurse?

a licensed healthcare professional who is skilled in preventing and maintaining health.

who is a medical technician?

a trained professional who performs diagnostic tests and procedures in laboratories and healthcare settings.

who is a primary care physician?

a specialist physician trained to work in the front lines of the healthcare system and provide care for patient’s health problems.

what is medical history?

a record of past and current health habits, lifestyle, and family history.

what is a chief complaint?

the patient’s description of what they feel is their main health problem.

what are symptoms?

any subjective evidence of a disease a patient receives that allows the physician to determine a diagnosis.

what is a diagnosis?

the identification of a patient’s disease or injury.

what is current history?

the account of a patient's present health status and any recent changes in their condition.

what is previous history?

the record of a patient's past medical conditions, treatments, and surgeries that may impact their current health status.

what is social history?

the assessment of a patient's lifestyle, social habits, and environment that may affect their health.

what is family history?

the record of health information about a patient's family members, including genetic disorders and chronic conditions that may influence the patient's health risks.

what is demeanor?

the way that an individual presents themselves.

what is tact?

the ability to communicate sensitive information or difficult messages in a considerate and respectful manner.

what is empathy?

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.

describe the steps that would occur in typical' doctor’s office upon entry:

1: vitals are taken by nurse

2: review concerns, medication history

3: examine ears, nose, eyes, lungs and heart.

4: singular chat about personal activities.

what are vital signs?

clinical measurements, specifically pulse rate, temperature, respiration rate, and blood pressure that indicate the state of a patient's essential body functions.

what is homeostasis?

a state of internal stability that your body constantly works to maintain for all our bodily functions.

what is triage?

a process used to practice who needs emergency medical attention first, sorting out.

how do you measure a pulse?

by feeling pulse sensation on arm for 30 seconds.

how do you measure respiratory rate?

by using a stethoscope.

how do you measure blood pressure?

by using a blood pressure cuff.

how do you measure BMI?

by using a scale and calculator.

how do you measure oxygen saturation?

by using a pulse oximeter.

what are the benefits and concerns of electronic health records for patients?

benefits: easily accessible and easy to find compared to paper files.

concerns: information can be accessed/modified by hackers, makes info vulnerable due to those attacks.

how does a doctor determine the health of an eye?

by using a handheld device called an ophthalmoscope to examine the interior of the eye. common aliments: cataracts, glaucoma.

how does a doctor determine the health of the nose and throat?

by inspecting the external nose with an otoscope for swelling/ deformity and internal changes. aliments: infections, hay fever.

how does a doctor determine the health of your skin?

by looking for changes such as lack of dryness, or even skin discoloration to provide clues to aliments such as cancer. aliments: eczema, acne.

what is the ABCDE method of analyzing freckles and moles?

A (asymmetry)- one half of the mole does not match the shape of the other half.

B(border)- the edges of the mole are irregular or jagged.

C(color)-the mole is not one uniform color but has different colors throughout.

D(diameter)- the diameter of the mole is larger than a pencil eraser.

E-(evolving)- the mole appears to be changing (shape, color, size) over time.

what does a normal heart typically sound like?

a classic lub-a-dub sound, has a consistent, repeating rhythm.

what key features do you listen for when attempting to determine if there is a heart abnormality?

pitch,rhythm,heart sounds (murmurs, rubs).

what do healthy lungs sound like?

high-pitched, a consistent rhythm.

wheezing

high pitched whistling sound, aliments: asthma, dyspnea, COPD.

crackles/rales

continuous high-pitched crackling sound, aliments: pulmonary adema, COPD.

stridor

high-pitched continuous screeching sound, aliments: croup, epiglottis, anaphylaxis.

rhonchi

low-pitched rumbling, gurgling sound, aliments: COPD, pneumonia, bronchitis.

what is the purpose of the snellen test?

to measure visual acuity, how clearly a person can see.

erythrocytes

red blood cells; carries oxygen to blood.

leukocytes

white blood cells; immune response.

thrombocytes

platelets; blood clotting.

plasma

transporting nutrients.

from which vein do blood draws most typically occur in adults, and why?

the median cubital vein because it is easier to see and feel, making the process easier.

what are the components of a CBC blood test?

white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets.

what does low and high value of white blood cells mean?

low levels: viral infection is preventing bone marrow from making new WBCS.

high levels: leukocytosis or leukemia.

what does high and low levels of red blood cells mean?

low levels: anemia, weakness, tiredness, and shortness of breath.

high levels: limited oxygen supply due to heart or other condition is triggering the need for extra RBCs.

what does low and high levels of hemoglobin mean?

low levels: body aches, chest pain, weakness, fast heartbeat and shortness of breath.

high levels: bone marrow disease causing abnormal increase of RBCs.

what does low and high levels of hematocrit mean?

low levels: low levels of RBCs (anemia), loss of blood, iron deficiency, bone marrow problems, or a disease like sickle cell.

high levels: lung or heart diseases, polycythemia that causes the body to produce too many RBCs.

what does low and high levels of platelets mean?

low levels: hepatitis C, HIV.

high levels: cancers such as lung, gastrointestinal, or breast.

what is the purpose of the lipid panel?

to access cardiovascular health by analyzing cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood.

which one should you have lower levels and higher levels of: HDL or LDL?

higher levels: HDL, because it helps eliminate cholesterol from the bloodstream.

lower levels: LDL, because it accumulates cholesterol in blood vessel walls.

what are the causes of type 1 diabetes?

genetic exposure to viruses and other environemental factors.

what are the causes of type 2 diabetes?

insulin resistance, obesity, and an inactive lifestyle.

what are the four main macromolecules and their monomers/polymers?

1.carbohydrates, polymer: starch, monomer: monosaccharides.

2.proteins, polymer, hemoglobin, monomer: amino acid.

3.lipids, polymer: phospholipids, monomer: fatty acids.

4.nucleic acids: polymer: nucleic acids, monomer: nucleotides.

what type of feedback loop is the insulin-glucose process?

blood sugar regulation is a negative feedback loop because its whole purpose is to avoid excessive glucose levels with insulin.

how can an individual avoid type 2 diabetes?

exercising, eating healthy, stress management.

how can telehealth support individuals with chronic conditions.

by allowing them to monitor their vitals and to identify possibly life-threatening trends through health technology.

what is PHI?

personal health information

what is HIPAA?

Health Insurance Probability and Accountability Act

what information is protected?

all medical records of all individuals are protected under HIPAA.

how do you maintain privacy?

by safeguarding where the data is located, putting procedures in place to limit who can access your health information.

when and how can health information can be shared?

a healthcare provider can only share health information if the patient gives permission to share the information.