Sociology Quiz - Chapters 4, 5, 6, 19

social interaction

the process by which people act and react in relation to others

social status

the social position that a person holds

status set

all the statuses that a person holds at any given time

ascribed status

a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life

achieved status

a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort

master status

a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person’s entire life

role

a behavior accepted of someone who holds a particular status

role set

a number of roles attached to a single status

role conflict

conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses

role strain

tension among the roles connected to a single status

social construction of reality

the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction

Thomas Theorem

the idea that situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences

Ethnomethodology

the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings

social media

media that allows people to communicate with one another, to share information, and to form communities from shared interests and goals

dramaturgical analysis

the study of social interaction in terms of the theatrical performance

presentation of self

a person’s efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others

impression management

What is another term for presentation of self?

tact

assisting someone in the recovery of a bad performance

nonverbal communication

communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech

demeanor

the way we act and carry ourselves

personal space

the surrounding area over over which a person makes some claim to privar

family

a social institution in all societies that unities people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children

kinship

a social bond based on common ancestry marriage or adoption

marriage

a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing

cohabitation

the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple

nuclear family

family composed of one or two parents and their children

extended family

family composed of parents and children as well as their kin

blended family

family composed of children and some combination of biological parents and stepparents

endogamy

marriage between people of the same social category

exogamy

marriage between people of different social categories

monogamy

marriage that unites two partners

polygamy

marriage that unites a person to two or more partners

polygyny

marriages that unite one man and two or more women

polyandry

marriages that unite one woman and two or more men

patrillocality

a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near husband’s family

matrillocality

a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the wife’s family

neolocality

a residential pattern in which a married couple lives separate from both sets of parents

descent

the system by which members of society trace kinship over generations

patrilineal descent

a system tracking kinship through men

matrilineal descent

a system tracking kinship through women

bilateral descent

a system tracking kinship through both men and women

infidelity

sexual activity outside of a marriage

individualism, romantic love, women being more independent, stress, children, divorce has been normalized and is legal.

list the reason for divorces in America

infidelity

What is one of the main cases of divorce in society?

divorce

half of new marriages end in _____

5

half of new marriage end within _ years

socialization

the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

personality

a person’s fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling

behaviorism

The theory of _________ states that behavior is not instinctive but learned

True

True or false? Human beings need social experiences to develop, especially in an administrative staff

resocialization

______ is radically changing someone’s personality by carefully controlling the environment

total institution

a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff

Family, School, Peer Groups, and Mass Media

Examples of agents of socialization?

peer group

a social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common

mass media

the means of transmitting information from a single source to a vast audience (subset is social media)

anticipatory socialization

learning that helps a person achieve a desired position

cohort

a category of people with something in common, usually their age

0-13

What are the age groups of childhood?

teenage years (14-18)

What are the age groups of adolescence?

18/24-40

What are the age groups of early adulthood?

40-60

What are the age groups of middle adulthood?

60+

What is the age group of old age?

-Denial

-Anger

-Negotiation

-Resignation

-Acceptance

What are the five steps of dealing with dying and death?

the human basic drives

What is Id?

ego

a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society

superego

the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual

-Sensorimotor stage

-Preoperational stage

-Concrete operational stage

-Formal operational stage

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor stage

experiencing the world through senses

preoperational stage

first use of language and other symbols

concrete operational stage

begin to see casual connections in surroundings

formal operational stage

begin to think abstractly and critically

preconventional level

rightness amounts to what feels good

conventional level

rightness is what pleases parents and conforms to social norms

postconventional

rightness built in abstract ethical principles

what boys have - emphasis on formal roles

Justice perspectve

girls have - emphasis on relationships and loyalty

care/responsibility perspective

theory of self

the part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image

1. the self is not there at birth, it develops

2. the self develops only with social expereinces

3. social experience is the eschange of symbols

4. seeking meaning leads people to imagine other people’s intentions

5. Understanding intention requires imagining the situation from the other’s point of view (looking-glass self)

6. By taking the role of the other, we become self-aware (there are two types of “others”: significant others and generalized others

what are the six truths about the self?

looking-glass self

our self-image based on how we think others see us

significant others

ny person or persons with a strong influence on an individual's self-concept

generalized others

infancy

trust vs mistrust

toddlerhood

autonomy v. doubt/shame

preschool

initiative v. guilt

preadolescence

industry v. inferiority

adolescence

identity v. confusion

young adulthood

intimacy v. isolation

middle adulthood

making a difference v. self-absorption

old age

integrity v. despair

generalized others

people not strictly important to us

Erik Erikson

Who developed the eight stages of development?

social behavorism and the theory of self

What did George Herbert Mead focus on? Also, what did he develop?

Carol Gilligan

Who expanded on Kohlberg’s theory using gender?

Theory of Moral Reasoning

What is the theory by Lawrence Kohlberg?

human cognition

What did Piaget study?

hunting and gathering

making use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food