Symbiosis and Invasive Species

parasitism examples

tapeworm and dog, hookworm and humans, ticks and cattle, fleas and dogs, bed bugs and humans, cymothoa exigua and clownfish

parasitism

one organism benefits (either food or energy) and the other is harmed

commensalism examples

remora and sharks, barnacles and whales, cattle egrets and cattle

symbiosis

close relationship between two organisms of different species

keystone species examples

sea otters, beaver, only manage wetlands, wolves (they can actually improve rivers)

keystone species

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically

soybean and bacteria

example of mutualism, bacteria on the roots of a soybean plant fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available to the plant, the bacteria receives carbohydrates from the plant

commensalism

one organism benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed

lichen

example of mutualism, a green algae and fungus are dependent on each other, the fungus gets nutrients made from the algae, and the algae receives water and nutrient salts from the fungus

mutualism examples

clown anemone, shrimp anemone (shrimp is immune to stinging tentacles of sea anemone, by hiding in sea anemone, it is protected from predators), lichen, soybean bacteria, damselfish and giant clams

symbiotic relationships examples

clown fish & anemone, bumblebee & flower

mutualism

both organisms benefit from the relationship

symbiotic relationships

different relationships between two or more organisms, where at least one organism benefits, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

characteristics of endangered species

low reproductive rate, specialized niche, narrow distribution, feed at high trophic level, fixed migratory patterns, rare, commercially valuable, large territories (see graph for examples)

examples of endangered species

Eastern Lowland Gorilla, Hawksbill Sea Turtle, Asian Elephant (see graph for more)

endangered species

a species of animal or plant that is at risk of extinction, if there are fewer than 2,500 individuals

native species

those that evolved within the ecosystems where they are found

levels of endangered species

threatened, endangered, critically endangered

invasive species percents

plants 70%, fish 34& (37% of freshwater species), amphibians 30%, reptiles 28%, mammals 21%, birds 12%

invasive species common characteristics

ability to reproduce sexually and asexually, fast growth, rapid reproduction, high dispersal ability, tolerance of wide environmental ranges

introduced species examples

Japanese beetle, Giant african snail, purple loosestrife, python cowboy in the everglades, stink bug, boars in Hawaii, Asian shore crabs, coffee, European starling, and European green crabs

niche

all of the environmental factors and interspecies relationships that influence one species

invasive species

a species that has moved into an area and reproduced so aggressively that it has replaced some of the original species, they so not belong in the ecosystem

natural controls to limit native species

predators, parasites, resources

native species examples

black bear, honey bee, alligators in Florida

introduced species

those that are brought into an area, either on purpose or accidentally, by people, can come from one continent to another, or even from one small area to another small area, can be non-invasive or invasive, GMO introduced

community

a group of different species that live together in the same area

invasive and endangered species examples

kudzu vine, emerald ash borer, zebra mussel, white rhinoceros, bengal tiger, right wale

invasive species example

cane toad, tent caterpillar, wooly adelgid, African giant snail, purple leeches, European green crab, Asian shore crab, burmese python, stink bug, boars in Hawaii