Behavioural - mcq options

Behaviour Analysts/Psychologists change someone's values to change their behaviour

False

Which of the following is part of the 4-term contingency

All of the above

What is the best definition of parsimony?

The practice of ruling out simple, logical explanations before considering more complex or abstract explanations

Which best describes behavioural psychology?

Seeks to understand the role operant learning has on human behaviour

Antecedent stimuli ______________ respondent behaviour.

Elicit

Sneezing and blinking are examples of...

Unconditioned response

Behaviour primarily determined by its history of consequences is known as...

Operant behaviour

Reinforcement is...

The process by which a behaviour is strengthened by the immediate consequence that reliably follows its occurrence.

The fuel light comes on in your car whilst driving so you put fuel into it. The light goes off. A week later the light comes on again and you out fuel into it again. Putting fuel into your car has been...

Negatively reinforced by the light going off

Which of the following factors affect reinforcement?

1. Quality

2. Durability

3. learning history

Punishment is the process by which a behaviour is _____________ by the immediate consequence that reliably follows its occurrence.

Weakened

Negative punishment entails...

The removal of a stimulus following a behaviour

Parking tickets, fines and incarceration are examples of...

Conditioned punishers

Punishment as an intervention may only be considered when...

Including but not limited to all of the above

Which of the following is a factor that affects punishment effectiveness for reducing behaviour...

Immediacy

The four-term contingency is comprised of...

Motivating operations, discriminative stimulus, behaviour, consequence

Effective antecedent interventions bring about an immediate change in behaviour

True

Antecedent interventions are rarely used in combination with other interventions

False

Which of the following is a method for stimulus control manipulations?

Increase or decrease response effort

For non-contingent reinforcement to be effective, which of the following are true?

All of the above

Schedules of reinforcement describe the conditions of reinforcement that maintain undesirable behaviour and to design interventions that have a higher likelihood of increasing desirable behaviour

True

Schedules of reinforcement

Specify the probability that an occurrence of behaviour will produce reinforcement

Between continuous reinforcement and extinction are

Intermittent schedules of reinforcement

The two types of ratio schedules of reinforcement are

Fixed and variable

The two types of ratio schedules are both based on

The number of responses

Scalloping is commonly identified in

Fixed interval schedules of reinforcement

post-reinforcement pause is commonly observed in variable interval schedules of reinforcement

False

Before you use a chaining procedure, it is recommended that you task analyse the skill to be taught. What does it mean to task analyse a skill?

Make a sequential list of all the smaller sub-steps of the task to be trained.

A teacher says: "Everyone, you have math homework tonight. Tomorrow, I will draw a name from a hat. If that person has completed his/her homework and remembered to bring it back to school, everyone will get extra recess." What type of group contingency is this?

Dependent group contingency

Shaping involves:

All of these

Which of the following is an example of shaping an individual to swing a golf club correctly (i.e. take the appropriate backswing, swing the club down to the ball and follow through with the swing).

Provide positive reinforcement for any swing that resembles a golf swing. Then provide reinforcement for closer and closer approximations of a correct golf swing and withhold reinforcement for poorer approximations of a correct golf swing.

Behaviour chains and chaining procedures are important because:

All of these

Provide reinforcement for incompatible behaviour.

DRI

Provide reinforcement for a desirable alternative to the problem behaviour.

DRA

Provide reinforcement for the absence of problem behaviour OR behaviour other than problem behaviour.

DRO

You would like to implement an interval DRO procedure with one of your students with autism to decrease hand flapping (so that you can get the student to attend to her work eventually). You conduct some baseline observations and find that the student stops flapping her hands for about 2 minutes on average. What would an appropriate initial DRO interval be?

2 minutes, 30 seconds

You are working with a student who is frequently out of his seat. You decide to provide the student with reinforcement every time he is in his seat for 5 consecutive minutes. If he does not stay in his seat for 5 consecutive minutes, you withhold the reinforcer. What type of intervention have you implemented?

DRI

Functional communication training is considered to be:

Combination of antecedent and DRA

The behaviour selected as an alternative behaviour in a DRA:

Should already be in the learner's repertoire

Devonia hits her head with a closed fist when her teacher leaves her side to interact with another student. Usually, when Devonia does this her teacher returns to her side, asks her to stop hitting herself, and soothes her. She rarely engages in head hitting when her teacher works directly with her. What is the most likely function of Devonias problem behaviour?

Attention

A good behaviour definition should be ___________, __________, and ____________.

Objective, clear, and complete

ONE topography can serve ________ function(s); ONE function can be obtained through ________ behaviour(s).

Multiple, multiple

New parents put a child to bed. The child begins to cry, so the parents comfort the child and allow the child to sleep in bed with them. Thus, when they put the child to bed in the future, she is more likely to cry.

The parents have positively reinforced crying.

The parents of the child are very tired and they are trying to sleep. When they put the crying child in their own bed, the child stops crying. In the future, they are more likely to put the child in their own bed.

The parents have been reinforced for putting the child in their bed via negative reinforcement.

Problem behaviour can be maintained by:

Social positive reinforcement, automatic reinforcement, and tangible reinforcement (i, ii, and iii)

Which of the following examples illustrates socially-mediated negative reinforcement?

Sandy asks her mother for help washing the dishes to reduce the amount of time she has to spend in the kitchen doing chores.

A major goal of most behaviour change programs is the development of

All of the above

One of the fundamental questions to answer before initiating behavioural assessment is:

What is the nature of the problem behaviour?

In addition to a control condition, a functional analysis typically consists of what test conditions?

All of these

The principle of ________ determines the degree to which a person's behaviour repertoire maximizes short and long-term reinforcers for that individual and for others, and minimizes short and long-term punishers.

Habilitation

Charles spits on his teacher when he prompts him to complete a toothbrushing task. This behaviour really grosses out the teacher, who refuses to work with him when he behaves like this. When Charles spits on him, the teacher walks away and allows Charles to leave the toothbrushing task and go to the computer to calm down. As long as Charles is playing on the computer, he rarely spits on his teacher. What is the most likely function of Charles' behaviour?

Escape

There are at least three forms of FBA. They are:

Functional analysis, descriptive assessment, and indirect assessment

All of the following are assessment methods used in applied behaviour analysis except:

Medical evaluations