Networking +

LANs (Local Area Networks)

are the private networks found in homes, offices, and schools.

LANs can vary in size

from a single room to an entire building.

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Networks)

can exist within a LAN or on their own

Protocols

A language used by the computer to speak to each

All computers today uses a protocol suite,

Transmission control Protocol/Internet protocol

TCP and UDP are used by other protocol

to send and receive data

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol

Transmission Control Protocol

Reliable • Connection-oriented • Virtual circuit • Sequenced • Acknowledgements • 24 -60 bytes (high overhead

UDP

User Datagram Protocol

User Datagram Protocol

Unreliable • Connectionless • No virtual circuit • Un-sequenced • No acknowledgments • 8 bytes (lightweight)

File Transfer Protocols used to

share files with users in a LAN or a WAN

File Transfer Protocol

TCP Port 20, 21 • Supports authentication, authorization, and directory browsing • Unencrypted –not recommended, use sftp

Trivial File Transfer Protocol

Used to push(put) or pulls(get) files from a server • Commonly use to manage devices like IP phones, routers and switches • Does NOT support authentication, authorization, or directory browsing • UDP port 69 • Unencrypted –not recommended, use sftp

Secure File Transfer Protocol

is a secure implementation of FTP

Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)

Supports all the same functions as FTP but with encryption • SFTP is an extension of SSH which is why they use the same port number • TCP Port 22

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol sends

outgoing mail to a server • Sends outgoing mail to a server • TCP Port 25

Post Office Protocol (POP3)

Downloads incoming mail from a server • TCP Port 110

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

synchronizes incoming mail from a server • TCP Port 143

Telnet

provides remote command line access to interact with a server • Considered insecure and should no longer be used, use SSH instead • Used TCP Port 23

Secure Shell

provides encrypted remote command line access to interact with a server • SSH version 2 added SFTP and SCP support • TCP Port 22

Domain Name Service (DNS)

provides name to IP address resolution for host • Resolves Domain name to IP address • TCP/UDP Port 53

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

provides various configurations to clients in an IP network via broadcast • UDP port 67 is the server port, and 68 is the client port

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

is used to transmit webpages • TCP Port 80

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure

used to securely transmit encrypted webpages using SSLor TLS • TCP Port 443

Network Basic Input/Output System

provides various network communication features in a Windows network • Used in Windows before IP networking • NetBIOS over TCP/IP is still used in Windows • TCP/UDP Port 137/139

Simple Network Management Protocol is

used to query, configure, and monitor host in a LAN • SNMPv3 encrypts communication where previous versions did not • UDP Port 161/162

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

is used in domain-based network environments to facilitate system and user management. • TCP/UPD Port 389

Server Message Block (SMB)

provides file sharing, network browsing, and printing services • Commonly used in Windows networks but supported in Linux, macOS, and many other devices

CIFS(Common Internet File System)

is an open implementation used on Linux and macOS • TCP Port 445

Remote Desktop Protocol

is • used to securely remotely access a Windows desktop • TCP Port 3389

Wireless Networking

Allows devices to connect, to transfer and receive data.

2.4 GHz Spectrum

Long range communications because it has better penetration through barriers • Slowerdata rates compared to 5GHz • Higher rate of interference because of its longer range • Has 11 Channels in total

2.4 has a Higher rate of interference because

of its longer range

2.4 overlapping channels

1,6,11

What the purpose of overlapping channels

to minimize interference

5 Gz has short range communication

because of poor penetration through barriers

Which has faster data rates 2.4 of 5Gz

5Gz

how many channels does 5Gz have

45

How many non-overlapping channels does 5Gz have

non-overlapping

20Mhz use

36,40,44,48,149,153,157,161,165

40MHz use

38,46,151,159

Why does 5Gz have a low rate of interference

Because of its shorter range

Wifi 1 is called

802.11a

Wifi 2 is called

802.11b

Wifi 3 is called

802.11g

Wifi 4 is called

802.11n

Wifi 5 is called

802.11ac

Wifi 6 is called

802.11ax

What the frequency of wifi 1

5Gz

What the frequency of wifi 2

2.4GHz

What is the frequency of wifi 3

2.4GHz

What the frequency of wifi 4

2.4GHz,5GHz

What the frequency of wifi 5

2.4GHz,5GHz

What the frequency of wifi 6

2.4GHz,5GHz

Wifi 1 is compatible with

802.11n/ac/ax

Wifi 2 is compatible with

802.11g/n/ac/ax

Wifi 3 is compatible with

802.11b/n/ac/ax

Wifi 4 is compatible with

802.11a/b/g/ac/ax

Wifi 5 is compatible with

802.11a/b/g/n/ax

Wifi 6 is compatible with

802.11a/b/g/n/ac

Which wifi uses MIMO

Wifi 4

Which wifi uses MU-MIMO (4×4)

Wifi 5

Which wifi uses MU-MIMO (8×8)

Wifi 6

long range fixed wireless devices are used to

connect wireless devices over miles

Long-range fixed wireless are installed and used

point-to-point directional antennas

May have to go to the FCC to get a license

for the radio frequency

Radio-frequency identification

Uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects

items that use radio-frequency identification

access cards, ezpass toll collections, and inventory management

What is the SSID

Service Set Identifier

What i the Service Set Identifier

The name of the wireless network

What are the steps of an access point configuration

Change the default SSID, Set to an easy-to-identify, unique name, assign a static IP, change the default administration username and password.

What kind of IP should be assigned for the access point configuration

Static

Are SSIDs case-sensitive?

Yes

When assigning access point configuration 2.4GHz should use which channels

1,6,11

Should 5GHZ worry about busy channels as much as 2.4GHz

No, but bust channels should still be avoided.

The further away you are from the access point, the more the signal will

Degrade

Which wireless standard transmits further, 2.4GHz or 5GHz?

2.4GHz

How do barriers affect the transmission signal of an access point.

It reduces the distance of the wireless network.

Walls with ___ will reflect wireless signals limiting their transmission distance.

Pipes and Vents

Which kinds of walls degrades wireless signals more thick or thinner walls

Thicker

interference can be caused by

other wireless networks, devices, microwaves, toaster ovens, HVAC systems, and other high-voltage appliances.

DNS

Translate Domain name to IP address

DHCP

Gives out an IP address on a network

Fileshare

Shares files and folders on a network

Print Servers

Shares printers

Mail servers

Allows users to connect and send and receive email

Syslog

Receives logs from devices in a network

Web Servers

Serves web pages using the HTTP or HTTPS protocol

Authentication

Ensures you are the correct person.

Authorization

Ensure you can access the right data

Accounting

Keeps tracks of what users are doing in their network

Authentication uses

passwords, key chains, biometrics

Authorization is usually done with

file permission

Spam gateways

Keeps spam from entering your emails

Unified threat management (UTM)

A combination of antimalware, firewall and intrusion detection system (IDS)

Load balancers

Allows multiple servers served the same amount of traffic

Proxy servers

Request webpages on behalf of users. Can be used to filter out web traffic, such as blocking users from seeing facebook

Legacy/Embedded systems are

Older systems still on a network