European Expansion and Industrialization

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A human civil rights document of the French Revolution

Toussaint L'ouverture

Leader of Haiti during their rebellion

Simone Bolivar

Author of the Jamaica letter and attempted to declare independence for Colombia and Venezuela

The Jamaica Letter

A letter written by Simon Bolivar to unite South America

Nationalism

Idea of loyalty and survival for one's homeland, created by Napoleon

Factory System

Evolved from water frame to coal steam powered for industrial production

Capital

Cash or liquid assets held for expenditures

Richard Arkwright

Textile industrialist and inventor, employed the factory system

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin

James Hargreaves

Inventor of the spinning jenny, revolutionized spinning

First Industrial Revolution

Transition from hand production to machines

Secondary Industrial Revolution

Phase of rapid scientific discovery, also known as the Technological Revolution

James Watt

Discovered steam power by burning coal

Fossil fuels revolution

Shift from water wheels to portable energy like gas and coal

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the first telephone

Muhammad Ali (of Egypt)

Ottoman ruler of Egypt

Heian Japan

The last division of classical Japanese history

Meiji Restoration

Event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan

Commodore Matthew Perry

US official who opened Japan to trade

Trans-siberian railroad

Railroad built during industrialization across Russia

Tanzimat Reforms

Period of reform in the Ottoman Empire

Young Turks

Political reform movement favoring constitutional government in the Ottoman Empire

Adam Smith

Creator of the concept of the invisible hand in economics

Laissez-Faire (Invisible Hand)

Economic system with minimal government intervention

The Wealth of Nations

Foundational study in the history of economics by Adam Smith

Capitalism

Economic system with private control of trade and industry for profit

Free-Market Economy

Economy allowing free trade between individuals

Multi-national corporations

Companies established in multiple nations

Stock markets

Platforms for investors to trade shares of companies

Limited Liability corporations

Shareholders can profit without risking more than their investment

Imperialism

Control of a foreign country

Suez canal

Artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt

Settler colony

Colonialism with foreign settlers permanently residing in non-native land

Scramble for Africa

Foreigners' rush to take control of parts of Africa

Berlin conference

Conference deciding the partition of Africa

King Leopold of Belgium

Founder of the Congo Free State

Economic Imperialism

Complete economic control over a country

Opium Wars

Conflicts between China and Britain over opium trade

Spheres of Influence

Areas where Japan, France, and Germany had control in China

Treaty of Nanking

Unequal trade agreement forced on China to stop the opium trade

Hong Kong

Important port eventually controlled by the British

Export economies

Shipping out resources like cotton, rubber, palm oil, diamonds

Subsistence farming

Growing enough for personal consumption

Cecil Rhodes

Founder of the De Beers mining company and South African politician

Banana Republics

Countries with governments heavily influenced by banana plantations

United Fruit Company

Joint company bringing bananas to the Americas

Social Darwinism

Idea of survival of the fittest applied to taking over nations

Eugenics

Manipulating and eliminating undesired populations

The White Man's Burden

Belief in imposing civilization on colonies by white colonizers