Genetics Unit 1

History and basics of genetics

Mendel

He was the first to discover that genetics are passed down from both the parents.

Schleiden & Schwann

Discovered cell theory and Schleiden worked with plants Schwann worked with animals

Watson, Crick & Franklin

Discovered the double helix formation

Hershey & Chase

determined DNA was the genetic info that influenced cells

Oswald Avery

discovered that DNA was the transforming principle in genetics

Charles Darwin

Theory of evolution and natural selection

Preformation

idea of sperm holding homunculus’s and humans being preformed before conception

Homunculus

a fully formed perfectly portioned human

Cell Theory

the idea that all organisms are made up of basic structural units

Spontaneous Generation

living matter generated from non living matter

Transcription

DNA→RNA using RNA polymerase to split DNA and create RNA in the nucleus

Transcription occurs

in the nucleus

Enzyme in transcription

the RNA polymerase

Why does transcription occur

DNA cant code directly to proteins and is to big to leave the nucleus

exons vs introns

exons are the bases that end up getting coded while introns are fillure base pairs

translation

mRNA instructions are ready and used to build proteins

where does translation occur

this occurs in the cytoplasm and ribosomes

why does translation occur

to take the code from RNA and convert it into protein speak and place the right amino acids

3 types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

protein folding importance

the proteins are folded into the specific function of that protein

different levels of protein folding

primary, secondary, tertiary, quatrinary

two major types of organelle inheritance

uniparental, biparental

mitochandrial inheritence

is the mitochondrial DNA being passed down from mother to her children

maternal effect

the effect being inside your mothers womb and being surrounded her proteins which causes the child’s proteins to start acting the same regardless of genotype

karyotype

complete set of a persons chromosomes, the average person has 23

bacteriophage

virus’s that infect and replicate only in bacteria

epigenesis

structures such as body organs not present in embryo and are formed later

Mitochandrial swapping

taking a nucleus from a mother without mitochondrial mutation is developed and importing it into the cell before fertilization baby is born without mutation that mother had with the DNA still being the mothers

mitosis

The cell duplicates DNA and splits to create 2 exactly identical cells

meiosis

cell duplicates DNA and then scrambles it when dividing multiple times to create genetically different cells

model organisms

the 6 organisms that geneticists use to study genetics, easy to grow, short life, straightforward genetics, affordable, accessible, produce many offspring

cell cycle

process the cell go’s through to split and make two new cells

chromosome

thread like structure of nucleic acid and protein histones carries genetic information in form of genes

chromatid

is one part of a chromosome is one of the two identical strands connected at centromere

pedigree

is the family tree passed on traits/mutations that is passed down a record of descent

extranuclear inheritance

traits are passed through DNA found outside nucleus such as mitochondria or chloroplast also known as cytoplasmic DNA

central dogma

DNA→RNA→protein

DNA is transcripted into RNA and then carried by mRNA then translated by tRNA carrying the amino acids over and rRNA binds together the amino acids brought by tRNA

organelle inheritance

DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts is passed down and determines certain phenotype characteristics always from the mother as male sperm is thought to degrade and then destroyed in the egg

infectious inheritance

a symbiotic or parasitic association with an organisms, the inheritance is affected by the microbes in the hosts system

Mitochandrial DNA

mt DNA mitochondria has its own DNA that is passes on, is double stranded circular DNA, is also prone to mutation and mitochondrial swapping has been discovered to prevent mutations from being passed on

endosymbiotic theory

the theory that the mitochondria and chloroplasts of animals and plants originally where sperate bacteria and were obsorbed by larger bacteria and then eventually they grew dependent on each other, this is backed by the fact they have sperate cell membranes and their own DNA.

haploid

cells that have one copy of chromosomes (gametes or sex cells)

diploid

cells have two copies of each chromosome (somatic or body cells)

allele

different versions of the same trait (blue vs brown eyes)