PSYCH ch 2

What is the scientific method?

A systematic process used for gathering and interpreting data to reduce bias and error.

What are the five steps of the scientific method?

Question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, report.

Define hypothesis.

A testable prediction derived from a theory.

What is a theory in psychology?

A well-supported explanation for a phenomenon, based on a body of research.

What is a case study?

A detailed study of a single individual or a small group.

Define naturalistic observation.

Observing behavior in its natural context without manipulation.

What are the advantages of survey research?

Can collect large amounts of data quickly and cost-effectively.

What is correlational research?

A method that examines the relationship between two variables without manipulation.

What does a correlation coefficient tell us?

The strength and direction of a relationship between variables.

Why doesn’t correlation imply causation?

Because other variables may influence the observed relationship.

What distinguishes experimental research?

It allows for causal inferences through manipulation and control.

What is an independent variable (IV)?

The variable manipulated by the experimenter.

What is a dependent variable (DV)?

The variable being measured; it is affected by the IV.

What is random assignment?

Placing participants into groups by chance to control for bias.

Define operational definition.

A precise method for measuring a variable in a study.

What is reliability?

The consistency of a measure or test.

What is validity?

The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

What is informed consent?

Participants' agreement to join a study after being informed of the risks and purpose.

Why is debriefing important?

It ensures participants understand the study’s true purpose, especially if deception was used.

What is the role of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)?

To review research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met.