Comprehensive Science and Mathematics Review

A set of flashcards covering biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics concepts based on the provided lecture notes and transcript.

What is the primary function of Meiosis?

Cell division producing gametes with half the chromosome number.

Define the Telophase stage of mitosis.

Final stage of mitosis when nuclei reform and chromosomes decondense.

What is the result of Mitosis?

Two genetically identical daughter cells.

Describe what occurs during Anaphase.

Mitosis stage when sister chromatids separate toward opposite poles.

What does pH measure?

The acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

What are Prostaglandins?

Locally acting lipid compounds involved in inflammation, pain, and fever.

What is the function and risk associated with Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)?

They transport cholesterol to tissues; linked to atherosclerosis.

Explain the Lock and Key model of enzyme interaction.

A model where the substrate fits into the enzyme active site.

What happens during Metaphase of mitosis?

Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate.

What is the role of Ribosomes?

Cellular structures that synthesize proteins from mRNA templates.

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

Define Transcription.

Process of copying DNA sequence into messenger RNA.

What are Lysosomes?

Cell organelles containing digestive enzymes for intracellular breakdown.

What is Systolic pressure?

Top (higher) blood pressure reading during heart ventricular contraction.

What is Diastolic pressure?

Lower blood pressure reading during heart relaxation.

How does Litmus paper function as a pH indicator?

It changes color in acidic or basic solutions.

Where is the Glomerulus located and what is its function?

A capillary tuft in the nephron where blood filtration begins.

What is the role of Surfactant in the lungs?

A substance reducing alveolar surface tension, essential for lung expansion.

How is the Nephron defined?

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation.

State the Ideal Gas Law equation.

$PV = nRT$ (The transcript provides $PV = RnT$).

What is Atherosclerosis?

Hardening or narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup.

Define Charles' law.

Gas law stating volume is directly proportional to temperature at constant pressure.

State Archimedes' principle.

The upward buoyancy force equals the weight of the displaced fluid.

Define Boyle's law.

Gas law stating pressure times volume is constant at a fixed temperature and amount.

What does it mean for a fluid to be Viscous?

Having high resistance to flow; a thick or sticky fluid property.

What are Overtones?

Higher frequency components of a musical tone above the fundamental.

Define Peristalsis.

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

What is a Lewis acid?

Species that accepts an electron pair in a chemical reaction.

What is the chemical symbol for Manganese?

$$Mn$$

What is the chemical symbol for Bromine?

$$Br$$

What is the chemical symbol for Boron?

$$B$$

What are Exothermic chemical reactions?

Reactions that release heat to the surroundings.

Which instrument is specifically designed to measure electric current?

Ammeter

What is a Coulomb?

SI unit of electric charge.

Define Vectors in physics.

Quantities with both magnitude and direction.

What is the cause of Down's syndrome?

Usually caused by trisomy 21 (extra chromosome 21).

Which heart chamber pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

Right ventricle

Identify the 10th cranial nerve (X).

Vagus nerve

Identify the 7th cranial nerve (VII).

Facial nerve

Identify the 6th cranial nerve (VI).

Abducens nerve

Identify the 12th cranial nerve (XII).

Hypoglossal nerve

Contrast Genotype and Phenotype.

Genotype is the genetic constitution; Phenotype is the observable traits resulting from genotype and environment.

What is a Synapse?

Junction where neurons communicate via neurotransmitters or electrical signals.

State Newton's second law as an equation.

$$F = ma$$

Which organelle is the powerhouse of the cell?

Mitochondrion

Define Osmosis.

The movement of water.

Which cellular transport process requires ATP?

Active transport

How many total chromosomes do humans normally have?

$$46$$

Which blood type is the universal donor?

$$O^-$$

Which heart chamber pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

Left ventricle

Which subatomic particle has a positive charge?

Proton

What determines the atomic number of an element?

The number of protons.

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

$$7$$

Name a common strong acid and a common strong base mentioned.

Hydrochloric acid (strong acid) and Sodium hydroxide (strong base).

Which gas is released during photosynthesis and essential for cellular respiration?

Oxygen

What are the chemical symbols for Sodium and Iron?

$Na$ (Sodium) and $Fe$ (Iron).

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons?

Covalent bond

Define Sublimation.

The process in which a solid changes directly into a gas.

Which element and vitamin are necessary for hemoglobin formation and absorption?

Iron and Vitamin C.

Which electrolyte is most abundant inside human cells?

Potassium

Which electrolyte is the major cation in extracellular fluid?

Sodium

What is a Catalyst?

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently consumed.

Is Mass a vector or scalar quantity?

Scalar quantity

What is the SI unit for Energy?

Joule

How is Heat transferred through direct contact?

Conduction

Which layer of the atmosphere contains the ozone layer protecting Earth from UV radiation?

Stratosphere

What is the value of acceleration due to gravity near Earth's surface?

$$9.8\,m/s^2$$

Simplify the expression: $18 \div 3 \times 2$

$$12$$

Solve for $x$: $3x + 7 = 22$

$$x = 5$$

How many liters is $750\,mL$?

$$0.75\,L$$

Calculate the area of a rectangle with length $12\,cm$ and width $8\,cm$.

$$96\,cm^2$$

What is the simplest ratio of $18$ females to $12$ males?

$$3:2$$