Complete (?) Chapter 3 Psychological self

IDK

Psychology

The study of the mind and behavior

Mind

An individual's internal states or processes, such as thoughts and feelings, that cannot be seen directly and must be inferred from observable responses.

Behavior

Actions and responses that can be directly observed.

Clinical Psychology

The field of psychology concerned with people who have psychological disorders and adjustment problems.

Educational Psychology

The field focused on course planning and instructional methods for a school system, including research on motivation, intelligence, sociocultural factors, and methods of instruction.

Developmental Psychology

The study of physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that occur throughout the lifespan, including the influences of heredity and environment.

Social Psychology

The study of the nature and causes of individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behavior in social situations.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

The field focused on the relationship between people and work.

Health Psychology

The study of the effects of stress on health problems such as headaches, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Forensic Psychology

The application of psychology to the criminal justice system, including legal matters such as whether a defendant is sane.

Sports Psychology

The field that helps athletes concentrate on performance, use cognitive strategies such as positive visualization, and avoid choking under pressure.

Personality Psychology

The study of human psychological characteristics and the factors that influence them.

Personality

Reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another and characterize a person's adaptation to life.

Persona

A word meaning "mask," from which the term personality comes.

Humors

Bodily fluids believed in ancient ideas to determine different personality types through their surplus or deficiency.

Psychodynamic Perspective

A personality perspective emphasizing early experiences, the conscious mind, and conflicts with unconscious forces that affect external behavior.

Unconscious

Forces or mental processes outside conscious awareness that can influence behavior.

Eros

Sigmund Freud's concept representing a life-oriented drive.

Thanatos

Sigmund Freud's concept representing a death-oriented drive.

Striving for Superiority

Alfred Adler's view concerning the motivation to overcome feelings of inferiority and achieve superiority.

Personal and Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung's concepts concerning unconscious material unique to the individual and shared across humanity.

Neurotic Needs

Karen Horney's concept concerning basic needs that can become excessive or problematic.

Interpersonal Relationships

Harry Stack Sullivan's emphasis on relationships with other people in personality development.

Humanistic Perspective

A perspective emphasizing individual worth, human values, the capacity to overcome hardship, freedom, responsibility, and reaching one's full potential.

Actualizing Tendency

The innate force that pushes people to achieve their fullest potential and make the best use of their limited existence.

Self-Identity

What I am; one of the three aspects of the self according to Rogers.

Self-Efficacy

What I can do; one of the three aspects of the self according to Rogers.

Self-Esteem

How I think of my value; one of the three aspects of the self according to Rogers.

D Needs

Deficiency needs required for survival.

Physiological Needs

Survival needs such as food, water, and shelter.

Safety-Security Needs

Needs involving a predictable world, work, training, and money for necessities such as rent.

Love-Belongingness Needs

Needs involving intimate relationships and a sense of belonging.

Esteem Needs

The need for respect for oneself and others.

B Needs

"Being" needs, including self-actualization.

Self-Actualization

The realization of one's fullest potential.

Self-Actualized People

People characterized by spiritual fulfillment, comfort with themselves and others, love, creativity, realism, productivity, and healthy lives.

Existential Perspective

A perspective concerned with the meaning of human existence and how people deal with the value and meaning of their lives.

Existential Anxiety

Anxiety that can result from an inability to create meaning.

May's Existential Psychology

The view that human beings are defined by their existence, choices, confrontation with reality, and how they deal with anxiety, uncertainty, and responsibility.

Freedom

A central concept in May's existential psychology in which people are free to choose, but their freedom brings responsibility.

Frankl's Psychology

The view that humans can find meaning even in suffering, and that meaning allows them to survive and grow.

Creative Values

What people give to the world, such as work, art, and achievements.

Experiential Values

What people take from the world, such as love, beauty, nature, and relationships.

Attitudinal Values

The stance people take toward unavoidable suffering, including finding dignity and purpose in hardship.

Social Learning

The idea that people learn not only through direct experience but also by observing others.

Trait Theory

A perspective explaining personality through relatively stable traits and characteristics.

Eysenck's Trait Theory

The view that personality is mostly shaped by genes, with people born with certain supertraits, while genes and environment interact to shape who we are.

Supertraits/Superfactors

Broad personality dimensions such as introversion-extroversion, neuroticism-stability, and psychoticism.

Openness to Experience

Being receptive to new concepts, ideas, and experiences; curious and unconventional.

Conscientiousness

Being responsible, organized, disciplined, and able to resist impulses.

Extraversion

Being sociable, energetic, expressive, outgoing, and able to easily form connections.

Agreeableness

Being empathic, cooperative, kind, socially harmonious, warm, and helpful.

Neuroticism

Having low tolerance for stress and emotional instability, with a predisposition toward anxiety, worry, and sadness.

Cognitive-Behavioral Theories

Theories assuming that personality, behavior, and cognition are shaped by conditioning through rewards and punishments or by cognitive systems.

Behavior Potential

The likelihood that a certain behavior will be accomplished.

Expectancy

The perceived chance that a certain behavior will be followed by reinforcement; it may be generalized or specific.

Reinforcement Value

The extent to which an individual values the expected reinforcement.

Sociocultural Perspective

The view that human behavior and personality are shaped by social and cultural influences, including culture, traditions, family, community, and society.

Kapwa

The idea of a "shared self" that opens the self to include the Other, emphasizing that people are people regardless of age, clothes, diplomas, color, affiliations, or social status.

Ibang Tao

The "outsider" category of kapwa.

Pakikitungo

Civility; one of the domains of Ibang Tao.

Pakikisalamuha

The act of mixing; one of the domains of Ibang Tao.

Pakikilahok

The act of joining; one of the domains of Ibang Tao.

Pakikibagay

Conformity; one of the domains of Ibang Tao.

Pakikisama

Being united with the group; one of the domains of Ibang Tao.

Hindi Ibang Tao

The "one-of-us" category of kapwa.

Pakikipagpalagayang-loob

The act of mutual trust; one of the domains of Hindi Ibang Tao.

Pakikisangkot

The act of joining others; one of the domains of Hindi Ibang Tao.

Pakikipagkaisa

Being one with others; one of the domains of Hindi Ibang Tao.

Mental Health

A state of well-being where individuals realize their abilities, cope with normal life stresses, work productively, and contribute to their community; it is not merely the absence of mental illness.

Positive Mental Health

A state that allows people to realize their full potential, cope with life's stresses, work productively, and make meaningful contributions to their communities or workplace.

Early Warning Signs of Mental Health Problems

Signs including changes in eating or sleeping, withdrawal from people and activities, low energy, numbness, unexplained aches and pains, helplessness or hopelessness, increased substance use, and unusual confusion, forgetfulness, anger, worry, or fear.

Ways to Maintain Positive Mental Health

Getting professional help when needed, connecting with others, staying positive, being physically active, helping others, getting enough sleep, and developing positive coping skills.

Prioritize Being Present

A suggested way to care for oneself by focusing on the present.

Reflect Before You React

A suggested self-care practice involving reflection before responding.

Talk About Tough Feelings

A way to care for oneself by discussing difficult emotions.

Enjoy Nature

A suggested way to support one's well-being by going out and enjoying nature.

Control and Lack of Control

Separating what is within one's control from what cannot be controlled.

Advocating for Mental Health

Supporting mental health policies and emphasizing the importance of mental health.

Supporting Loved Ones

Helping people who may be struggling with mental health concerns.

Healthy Lifestyle

Encouraging self-care and healthy lifestyle practices.