Cumulative final exan A&P 1

defined the studies of anatomy and physiology

studies the structure and functions of the body

defined the complementary of structure and function

the form or structure of a biological entity is intimately related to its function

describe the correct stand of the anatomic position

standing upright with the head and eyes facing forward, arms at the sides with palms and thumbs facing forward, legs parallel with feet flat on the floor and toes pointing forward.

define homeostasis

The bodies ability to maintain a stable internal environment, despite external changes

describe negative feedback

a regulatory mechanism that maintains homeostasis by counteracting changes in the body's internal environment to return it to a stable set point

List the four common elements in the body

oxygen carbon, hydrogen nitrogen

define ph

a logarithmic scale measuring the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a solution, with values from 0 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline), and 7 being neutra

define acidity

a condition where a solution or body fluid has a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)

define alkalinity

relative basicity of a solution, which is measured using the pH scale

The set range of blood pH is ____ to ____

7.35 to 7.45

List of four biological macromolecules

carbohydrates lipids, proteins nucleic acids

define plasma membrane

a thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, separating the cell's interior from its external environment.

define cytoplasm

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.

define nucleus

the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes

isotonic solution

solution that has the same osmotic pressure and solute concentration as another solution it's being compared to, often a cell or blood serum.

define hypertonic solution

an external solution with a higher solute concentration (and thus a lower water concentration) compared to the inside of a cell, leading to a net movement of water out of the cell via osmosis, causing the cell to shrink or shrivel. 

define hypotonic solution

a solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to another solution (often a cell) it is being compared to, meaning it has a higher relative water concentration

function of epithelial tissue

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.

function of connective tissues

providing support, binding, and protection for other tissues and organs

function of muscle tissue

produce movement and force

function of nervous muscles

receiving stimuli and transmitting signals throughout the body to coordinate and control various functions.

describe endocrine and exocrine glands

endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release substances into ducts that lead to an epithelial surface or cavity. 

List of functions of the integumentary system

protection, temperature regulation, sensory perception, excretion, and vitamin D synthesis. 

define basil cell carcinoma

type of skin cancer that most often develops on areas of skin exposed to the sun, such as the face.

define squamous cell carcinoma

Cancer caused by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal squamous cells

define malignant melanoma

Melanoma occurs when the pigment-producing cells that give color to the skin become cancerous.

List of functions of the skeletal system

provide support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production

set range of blood calcium is ___ to ___ mg/dl

8.5 to 10.2

parathyroid hormone is released in a response to ___ blood calcium

low

define a diarthrosis

type of joint in the human body that allows for free and extensive movement in various directions, commonly known as a synovial joint

list the features of a synovial joint

a joint cavity, articular cartilage, a synovial membrane, and synovial fluid

list the function of the skeletal muscle

producing movement, maintaining posture and body position, and generating heat, while also playing a role in nutrient storage and joint stability. 

List the characteristics of muscle fibers

excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.

List of functions of the nervous system

sense, process, and respond to information from both inside and outside the body.

describe the sodium potassium pump

a vital protein pump in cell membranes that actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, both against their concentration gradients

list the phases of an action potential

Depolarization, Overshoot, Repolarization, and Hyperpolarization,