hematology 1 exam

What % is albumin in plasma proteins

55%

Where is albumin synthesized

Liver

What is the function of albumin

Transport of hydrophobic substances in blood

Maintaining normal body osmolality

Buffer

What % of globulins is in plasma protein

38%

What different types of globulins are there

Alpha, beta, gamma

Are the functions of globulins similar to albumin

Yes

Where are alpha and beta globulins synthesized

Liver

What are gamma globulins synthesized by

B Lymphocytes

What are the functions of gamma globulins

Function is as antibodies involved in immunity

What % of fibrinogen is in plasma protein

7%

Where is fibrinogen synthesized

Liver

Functions of fibrinogen

Blood clotting

Walling off infectious processes

What does RBCs contain

Hemoglobin (hb)

What % of oxygen does heme transport

99%

What % of carbon dioxide does globin transport

23%

What is the structure of hemoglobin and what are they composed of

1 globin molecule composed of 4 polypeptide chains ( 2alpha 2 beta)

4 hemes composed of protoporphyrin ring with an iron atom in the center

What color are oxygen bound hemes

Bright red

What color are hemes that are not bound to oxygen

Dull red or blue

Is heme a pigment molecule

Yes

what regulates the amount of iron that is absorbed

Amount of iron storage- if there is lots in storage not much iron will be absorbed

Rate of RBC production- if rbcs are being manufactured quickly then more iron is absorbed

What does transferrin do

Carries iron to the bone marrow for RBC production

What is ceruloplasmin

Copper containing alpha globulin

What does ceruloplasmin do

Transfers iron onto transferrin in blood from the intestinal absorptive cells and macrophages

What % of iron is found in hemoglobin

60%

Where is the other 40% of iron stored

in storage or in myoglobin

What are 2 storage forms found in macrophages of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Ferritin (main) and hemosiderin

Is ferritin readily available for RBC production

Yes

Is hemosiderin accessible for RBC production

less accessible

Process for extravascular hemolysis

1- heme breakdown to bilirubin macrophages

2- unconjugated bilirubin transported in blood to liver

3- urobilinogen transported to kidney

4- urobilinogen oxidized by intestinal bacteria

What happens in intravascular hemolysis

it becomes bound to a plasma protein called haptoglobin and is carried to the kidney where it is excreted in the urine (hemoglobinuria)

What does regenerative anemia suggest

Suggests an extra marrow cause such as hemorrhage or hemolysis

How does the bone marrow respond to regenerative anemia. And what is it characterized as

Increasing RBC production. Characterized by an increased reticulocyte count (immature RBCs)

Causes of Non regenerative anemia

Anemia of chronic disease

Marrow tumor

Nutritional deficiency

What happens to the bone marrow in nonregenerative anemia

The bone marrow fails to increase RBC production adequately.

Low or absent reticulocytes response

What does normocytic cell look like

Same size or slightly smaller than the nucleus of small lymphocyte

What is rouleaux

4 or more RBC stacked like coins

When is rouleaux seen

Inflammations

Multiple myeloma which produce increased plasma proteins

Equine sample

What is agglutination

RBC cluster that looks like grapes

What are causes of agglutination

AIHA

Intra AIHA

What is hypochromic associated with

Low MCH/ MCHC

When do you see hypochmromic

Iron deficiency anemia

Why is there less color on hypochromic cells

Decreased hemoglobin concentration

What shape is macrocytic RBC

Round

Where do you see macrocytic RBC

Horses have slight macrocytosis (anisocytosis)

Are macrocytic larger than the nucleus of small lymph

Yes

What does RDW stand for

Red cell distribution width

What does anisocytosis mean

Term used to describe variation in size of RBCS

Mix of large or small cells

What does MCV mean

Mean cell volume

What does MCV represent

Average size of all RBC in patient sample

What is poikilocytosis

The shape of cells

Can analyzers determine RBC morphology

No

What do echinocytes look like

Short points with central pallor

Do crenated cells lack central pallor

Ya

When do you see echinocytes

Severe renal disease

Feline liver disease

Burns

What do crenated cells look like

Echinocytes

What do acanthocytes look like

No central pallor

Long sea urchin like spike

What disorders cause acanthocytes

Hemangiosarcoma

Liver disease

DIC

Vasculitis

Iron deficiency anemia

What are target cells associated with

Iron deficiency anemia

Splenectomy

Obstructive liver disease

What are schistocytes

Cell fragments from RBC destruction

What are dacryocytes

Tear drop cells

When do you see tear drop cells

In iron deficiency

Do spherocytes have central pallor

No

What are spherocytes caused by

Immune hemolysis

What are ghost cells

Hemoglobin leached from RBC from intravascular hemolysis

What species are how’ll jolly bodies seen in normally

Cats and horses

What are Howell jolly bodies a sign of

RBC regenerative anemia