Chapter 9 - Solutions: Mixing It Up!

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the types of mixtures, solubility, and concentration measurements from Chapter 9.

Mixture

A material that contains two or more different substances.

Heterogeneous mixture

A mixture that contains an uneven distribution of visibly different substances.

Homogeneous mixture

A mixture that appears to contain one substance and has only one phase visible.

Phase

The state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) visible in a mixture; homogeneous mixtures show only one, while heterogeneous mixtures show two or more.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture containing two or more different substances.

Solvent

The major component of a solution; the substance doing the dissolving.

Solute

The minor component of a solution; the substance being dissolved.

Suspension

A mixture in which there are two physical states present, one evenly dispersed through the second, which will typically separate over time.

Colloidal suspension

A suspension in which the particles are so small that they stay suspended indefinitely.

Solubility

The extent to which a given solute will dissolve in a given solvent under a specific set of conditions.

Hydration

The process by which dissociating ions become surrounded by water molecules.

Concentration

A measure of the number of solute particles in a solution.

Unsaturated solution

A solution into which more solute can be added.

Saturated solution

A solution in which no more solute will dissolve at a given temperature and pressure.

Supersaturated solution

A solution containing more solute than it could have been dissolved at a given temperature and pressure; these solutions are typically unstable.

Percent by mass

A method of expressing concentration by comparing the mass of the solute to the total mass of the solution: $\text{Percent by mass} = \frac{\text{mass of solute (g)}}{\text{mass of solution (g)}} \times 100$.

Percent by mass-volume

A method of expressing concentration by comparing the mass of the solute to the volume of the solution: $\text{Percent by mass-volume} = \frac{\text{mass of solute (g)}}{\text{volume of solution (mL)}} \times 100$.

Molarity (M)

A measurement that describes concentration in terms of the number of moles of solute dissolved in liters of solution: $M = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{liters of solution}}$.

Molality (m)

A measurement representing the moles of solute per kilogram of solvent: $m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{kg solvent}}$.

Concentrated solution

A solution with a relatively large amount of solute.

Dilute solution

A solution with a relatively small amount of solute.

Parts per million (ppm)

A measurement for very tiny concentrations representing milligrams of solute per liter of water: $\text{ppm} = \frac{\text{mass of solute (g)}}{\text{volume of solution (mL)}} \times 10^6$.

Parts per billion (ppb)

A measurement for extremely small concentrations representing micrograms of solute per liter of water: $\text{ppb} = \frac{\text{mass of solute (g)}}{\text{volume of solution (mL)}} \times 10^9$.