HGAP Unit 6 Study Guide

Define city

a A relatively large, densely populated settlement w a much larger population than rural areas, which is a business, govt, and cultural hub.

Define urban

Relating to a city.

Identify the three factors that contributed to the first cities.

Permanent settlements, agricultural surplus, and socioeconomic stratification led to the first cities.

Define agricultural surplus

Crop yields able to feed more people than the farmer and their family.

Explain the significance of agricultural surplus

Result of better farming methods, so now able to support larger population and have jobs other than farmers, i.e. merchants.

Define socioeconomic stratification

Structuring of society into different socioeconomic classes, including a ruling class that controls goods and people.

Explain how socioeconomic stratification came about

People needed ways to manage selling goods, irrigation systems etc., so early govts made laws to store and distribute agricultural surplus.

define the first urban revolution

Period where agricultural and socioeconomic innovations led to the rise of the earliest cities.

Define an urban hearth area

Regions where the world’s first cities evolved.

Identify the 7 first urban hearth areas.

Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley, Yellow River valley, Mesoamerica, Andean highlands/Coastal Peru, and West Africa.

Identify the first city ever created,

Ur, Iraq

Explain the two criteria for choosing where cities are.

Site and situation determine where cities are. Site refers to the absolute location of a place on Earth and its individual characteristics, whereas situation is the relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features.

Explain one example of how situation can change over time.

In Pittsburgh, the mining industry used to be very successful, so Pittsburgh was defined by its surrounding mines. However, after the mines loss their importance, Pittsburgh stopped being defined by that characteristic, and shifted its significance towards other factors like education.

Explain two ways that urbanization can diffuse.

Urbanization either diffuses spontaneously as populations grow or when empires diffuse urban life ideas through trade and conquest.

Compare how cities diffused in Europe as opposed to Spain, China, and Americas.

Roman Empire derived urban life from Greek Empire and diffused urban ideas from its core, Rome, to France, Spain, etc., using infrastructure to connect areas together.

The Moors of Spain, religion and culture in China, and culture in America already fostered urban life before conquest. However, after Spanish conquest of Americas, Mexico lost its quality.

Identify TWO things urban growth is influenced by.

Historically, rural to urban migration determined urban growth. Contemporary growth is a result of natural population increased.

Define capitalism.

Economic political system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than state-controlled.

Analyze how capitalism and communism influenced rural to urban migration in China.

Before 1970s, China was communist in rural areas. Reforms allowed the Chinese to be more mobile, move out of the rural, and join booming industrial cities with consumer choices, pop culture, housing etc., a result of capitalism.

Define communism.

 An economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed.

Explain rural to urban migration in Africa and Asia, or today.

For better jobs or to escape civil war, disasters, climate change, etc.

Urban growth because of poor countryside conditions, not economic labor increase.

Define and explain the significance streetcar suburbs

settlement outside of a city with streetcar lines, which take residents in and out of city easily, letting workers work farther from home.

Explain three other inventions that improved transportation and communication.

The automobile (best) increased mobility and communication.

The telegraph facilitated long-distance systematic communication.

Telephones promoted rapid communication, growing businesses and cities.

Define second urban revolution

industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth, esp in Western Europe and North America

Explain economic development after the second urban revolution.

Urban land was considered source of income due to proximity to center and pedestrian traffic, increasing its land value. Capitalist socieities were segregated by economic class. Separation of work and home, and changing gender roles, where women work domestic.

Define redevelopment.

Activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times such as manufacturing decreases, vanishing jobs, moving to other cities by adding cultural centers and business opportunities.

Define a metropolis.

large and densely populated city, usually the major city or capital of a region

Define urban area

any self-governing place in the United States with at least 2.5k people

Define urban cluster

• urban area w fewer than 50k people

Define urbanized area

• urban area with more than 50k ppl

Define metropolitan statistical area

• a region with at least 1 urbanized area as its core

Define micropolitan statistical area

• a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10k people as its cores

Define suburbs and patterns of migration

Populated areas on the outskirts of a city. Historically not self-sufficient because residents traveled out for work and commerce. Now, they are ideal developed residential areas.

Define Urbanization rate

percentage of a nation’s population living in towns and cities

explain the world ubanization pattern

half of the world lives in cities today, increasing as become a more predominantly urban society

Identify the top five metacities

tokyo, delhi, shanghai, sao paulo, mexico city

Identify the top five megacities

cairo, mumbai, beijing, dhaka, osaka-kobe-kyoto

suburbanization

movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city

how did the 1950s influence suburbanization

middle class owned more cars n eliminated need of train lines and housing could be farther from CBD

Define and explain where sprawl is.

tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner, common in automobile cities

automobile cities

• size and shape dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership

decentralization

in an urban context, as suburb areas grow, business operations moved from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs

edge city

distinct American phenomena; concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of the CBD

explain how edge cities formed

Moving homes to suburbs away from work, moving retail closer to home, and moving jobs to where most people lived.

Boomburbs

a place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own govt

infill development

building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or unused parcels in alrdy developed areas

Define and explain how exurbs came about.

semirural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families

Define and give 2 examples of a world city

a world command/control center of trade, finance, information, and migration

• New York, Tokyo

Describe two characteristics of world cities.

• Cultural diversity

• Attractive to talented people

Explain the global cosmpolitan class.

They are not identified w one country, moves place to place easily BC of wealth. Spatial concentration of economic power is number of individuals with a high net worth in a city, distributed unevenly globally.

Define gated communities

privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city

Explain the networks and linkages that drive globalization in world cities.

Modern, efficient transportation systems such as airports, harbors, and railroads allow for interconnection.

Immediate access to information, especially through influential media services.

Business services headquarter their companies here.

urban system

set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks

urban hierarchy

a ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy

Explain rank-size rule and countries that follow this.

the population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy

usually developed countries

primate city

a city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country’s economic, political, and cultural life

• Lagos, London, Moscow, Athens, Paris

Describe issues with a primate city.

• transportation from primate city to farther areas

  • lack of automobiles/convenient transportation → lack of healthcare + other services

Define central place theory

Model developed by Walter Christaller In Germany 1933 that attempts to understand why cities are where they are

Define central places

a settlement that makes certain type of products and services available to consumers

Describe two limitations of central place theory.

• flat region w no physical barriers

• equal soil quality

• evenly distributed population and purchasing power

• uniform transportation networks

Explain the mobility of people in relation to CPT.

People travel short distances for everyday necessities. People travel long distances for specialized, costly goods/services like museums, cardiologists, sports games

threshold

in central place theory, the number of people required to support businesses

• lower in small urban areas

range

in central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good

gravity model and its limitations

the idea that the closer two places are, the more they will influence each other

• (p₁ x p₂)/(d²)

• less relevant as technologies and situations change

concentric zone model

A city model developed by E.W. Burgess, showing the ring of factory production and different residential zones radiating from the CBD.

Hoyt sector model

a city model developed by Homer Hoyt, focusing on transportation and communication as the drivers of the city’s layout

multiple-nuclei model

a city model developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, showing residential districts organized around several nuclei/nodes, fitting sprawling suburbs

galactic city model

a city model where the CBD remains central, but many shopping, office, and industrial districts are scattered throughout surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan expressway systems

Relate bid rent theory to cities.

• land rest/cost increases as u get closer to CBD

• poorest residents live farther in the developing world, but wealthy residents in DEVELOPED areas r farthest from CBD

• poor r close to CBD b/c public transprtation for work n they too broke to afford they own car 😂

Griffin-ford model

a model of the internal structure of the Latin American city developed by Griffin and Ford blending North American and traditional latin american, showing differences in wealthy and poverty, a commercial spine, and a zone of maturity

gentrification

• displacement of low income residents by high income residents as an area or neighborhood improves

Southeast Asian city model

• McGee organized medium port cities, with mixed suburbs and squatter areas

Sub-saharan africa city model

Colonial CBD, traditional CBD, and marketplace

Compare historical patterns of urban land use to contemporary practices.

People back then established homes and businesses without considering the city’s structure in the future. Today, urban land use depends on utility (usefulness) and accessibility (transportation)

Describe the effects of the rise of automotive transportation

More personal car use, leading to commerce around highway interchanges. industries and businesses controlled land accessible to trade/cargo. these areas of land created high-density apartments

least accessible was most undesirable and left for poor family residence

all ts led to retails and stores catering to urban population → urban core is highest order of population

perceived density

the general impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area → qualitative data

zoning regulations

laws that dictate how land can be used

relate population density to distance from a city

land and population density decrease as u move farther from the city’s center b/c lack of convenient public transportation

explain sociocultural patterns of cities.

• poor, nonwhite people in the center, rich white people on the outside

• high-skill jobs lived in suburbs, worked in city

infill development

building new retail business or residential spaces on vacant spaces in alrdy developed areas

explain cycles of development and infilling

Higher income ppl moved to the “end” of the transit lines, middle-class moved into the new vacant groups previously owned by the wealthy, and some lower income ppl fill in that gap

fiscal squeeze

occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure as a result of suburbanization and emigration of upper/middle class

Explain contemporary Changes in the Economic Base and Housing Patterns

shift from blue collar jobs in cities to + white collar jobs

• more upper/middle class jobs, less lower class jobs → less labor unions to protective ppl

• INCREASED SOCIOECONOMIC DISTINCTIONS

  • protected enclaves for THE HIGH INCOME expensive apartments or mansions

  • gentrified areas for YOUNG PROFESSIONALS more inside the city, good family homes

  • middle-class suburbs for MIDDLE/HIGHER INCOME families → complexes, family homes

  • working-class neighborhoods for LOW/MIDDLE INCOME groups in rented areas → based on income occupation ethnicity

  • ethnic enclaves for ETHNIC GROUPS w mixed housing → i.e. Little Italy

  • excluded ghettos for BROKE JOBLESS HOMELESS YNS in the slums or very bad housing

Explain a major disadvantage of gentrification.

• gentrification attracts the richer educated class but kicks out the poor people

built environment

the human made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis

Describe smart growth and some of its characteristics

policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation

• mixed land use, compact design, infill development, walkable, transportation and housing choices, preserve natural environment

compact design

1. development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl

diverse housing options

policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood

Describe new urbanism

focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, diverse housing, walkability

Describe a greenbelt

a zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas

• reduce sprawl, protect natural/agricultural environments

zoning

classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development

slow-growth cities

city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl

Discuss the the positive and negatives responses to urban design initiatives.

Locals enjoy health benefits from walkability, less pollution, compactness benefits farmers, and benefits to farming/environment protection.

However, property values decrease because more density brings crime, affordable housing decreases, restricted property usage, disrupting communities, segregation, and effects on cultural preservations.

anti-displacement tenant activists

• advocates for poor and working class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development

de facto segregation

• racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent

Explain economic challenges that result from movement of urban populations.

• discrimination through redlining and blockbusting

• housing affordability

why is renting a home or buying property w mortgages isn’t easy for evb

• housing discrimination → affects education and labor markets, makes the broke even broker

Explain edlining and its impact (before 1960s)

• identifying high-risk (black, minority, female) neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods

• neighborhoods degraded bc they couldnt get renovation or maintenance loans

• landlords took land and made them costlier

blockbusting

realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in, and they make the land too expensive for black families tryna move in.

white flight

• the mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs

economic impacts of redlining and blockbusting

• middle class and rich people left to the suburbs → less tax revenue, impacts on education