Stuttering Study Practice Exam

Practice flashcards covering the definition, history, characteristics, and epidemiology of stuttering based on the lecture transcript.

What is one of the primary challenges in carefully defining stuttering?

It is both a specific speech event and a disorder.

In developmental cases, what is currently the most widely accepted component regarding the cause of stuttering?

It has a genetic component.

Which historical figure believed that stuttering was physiological and possibly related to epilepsy?

Robert West

Which historical figure wrote a seminal book on the historical and theoretical understanding of stuttering and developed management techniques still in use today?

Charles Van Riper

In the stuttering community, how are explicitly observable speech behaviors and affective-cognitive features (like fear) usually categorized?

Overt & covert

Which type of disfluency is classified as "stuttering-like"?

Sound repetitions

Which type of disfluency is NOT considered "stuttering-like"?

Incomplete utterances

What specific behaviors are generally included in "stuttering-like" dysfluencies (SLDs)?

Part-word repetitions, sound prolongations, and blocks

Which core behavior of stuttering might be considered the least severe because airflow, phonation, and movement continue?

Part-word repetitions

Which core behavior of stuttering is considered the most severe because airflow, phonation, and movement all cease?

Phonatory-articulatory blocks

How do normal, non-stuttered disfluencies typically differ from stuttering in terms of their origin?

They usually result from linguistic uncertainty.

What is the definition of "covert" features in the context of stuttering?

Unobservable emotional responses

On which feature do almost all definitions of stuttering agree regardless of specific details?

The presence of part-word (sound/syllable) repetitions and prolongations

What are secondary (or accessory) behaviors in speakers who stutter?

Learned, non-speech physical responses (e.g. eye-blinks) to speech blocks

How is stuttering usually distinguishable from normal disfluency in terms of repetition characteristics?

Stuttering repetitions are more frequent, faster, and greater in number.

A speaker's belief that some words are "harder than others" is an example of which characteristic?

Cognitive features

The avoidance of certain people or places due to anxiety and fear of stuttering is an example of which characteristic?

Affective features

How is the "prevalence" of stuttering generally defined?

The proportion of people in a population who stutter at any one point in time.

How is "incidence" defined in the context of stuttering?

The lifetime likelihood that a person will exhibit some feature.

What do studies of prevalence and incidence suggest regarding the difference between children and adults?

More young children stutter than adults.

What is the general pattern of stuttering with respect to gender?

Male stutterers outnumber female stutterers.

What are the three primary biological factors involved in the prevalence and incidence of stuttering?

Age, gender, and family history

What is the reliable pattern of stuttering with respect to race and ethnicity?

There are no reliable patterns of stuttering with respect to racial/ethnic groups.

Which clinical population is least likely to show stuttering symptoms?

Hearing impaired speakers

What does the fact that overall prevalence figures are smaller than lifetime incidence figures suggest?

The proportion of stutterers decreases with age.

At what age does the onset of developmental stuttering most commonly occur?

$2 - 4$ years

What is the average percentage of stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs) in stuttering children compared to non-stuttering children?

$11\%$ in stuttering children and $< 2\%$ in nonstutterers

What is a commonly used threshold for deciding whether to label a child as one who stutters and initiate therapy?

More than $2 - 3\%$ disfluency

Which speech characteristic is predictive of a young child's likelihood of recovering naturally?

Markedly reducing the mean number of SLDs within $18$ months of onset

How does the recovery likelihood of a $10$ year old compare to a $3$ year old who stutters?

The $10$ year old is less likely to recover than the $3$ year old.

What is the best reference unit to use when measuring the proportion of stuttering behaviors?

Total number of syllables

What measure of disfluency length is associated specifically with stuttering rather than normal disfluency?

Two or more sound repetitions

What is the formula for calculating the percent stuttering dysfluency measure for a sentence with $12$ words and $3$ stuttered words?

$$3/12$$

According to Spencer Brown's patterns, which grammatical category is NOT a likely locus for stuttering in adults?

Functor words (conjunctions, prepositions)

According to the patterns established by Spencer Brown, which word is most likely to elicit stuttering: appearance, always, popsicle, or which?

Popsicle

Which condition has been universally observed to eliminate stuttering in speakers?

Singing

If a disfluency lasts approximately $1$ second, how much longer is it than the average normally produced speech syllable?

It is about $3 - 5$ times longer than a normal syllable.

According to anecdotal clinical and research notes, what might be heard in the voices of those who stutter?

Glottal fry with other signs of tension

What does the instructor believe is the first goal of any stuttering assessment?

To determine if there is a problem

What is the most commonly used commercial instrument for assessing stuttering severity?

The Riley Stuttering Severity Instrument (SSI)

In stuttering research, what does the term "adaptation" refer to?

Stuttering decreases with repeated readings of the same passage.

Which type of audience is likely to pose the most difficulty for a person who stutters?

Colleagues attending a business presentation

What is the difference between "speaking rate" and "articulatory rate"?

Speaking rate includes pauses and dysfluencies, but articulatory rate does not.