substance abuse exam 2 alcohol and MADD

alcohol is

central nervous system depressant

what is alcohol dangerous to use with

sedative ( valium) or opiods ( vicodin)

comparisons of intake of alcohol 

12 oz of 5% beer= 5 oz 5% wine = 1.5 oz of 40% liquor

what percent of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach 

20%

what percent of alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine

80%

how is alcohol distributed throughout the body

it is distributed so that most tissues such as the heart brain and muscles are exposed to the same level of alcohol as the blood

how is alcohol broken down 

alcohol—> ADH—> acetaldehyde—>ALDH—> acetic acid—> co2 plus h20 and energy 

what percent of alcohol is metabolized in the liver

90-95%

BAC

blood alcohol concentration

how is BAC calculated 

amount of alcohol consumed/ total body water

what is the difference between lean and fat person

lean individuals have more water content that those with higher heat percentages so alcohol distributes more widely in their bodies

why would a 180 lean person have a higher BAC than a 200 lean person

lower body weight= less total water volume so the same amount of alcohol results in a higher concentration in the blood

who will have a higher BAC between a 120 lean and 140 fat

120 lean because alcohol is NOT fat soluble and distributes MAINLY IN LEAN TISSUE which has more water 

who will have a higher BAC between a 145 lean female and 145 lean male

145 lean female

symptoms of alcohol poisoning

inability to wake up

slow breathing

irregular breathing

hypothermic

seizers

vomiting

do not use ____ to relieve hangover symptoms

acetaminophen such as tylenol

if a person is alcohol dependent is it dangerous to quit cold turkey

-body is wants to maintain homeostasis

-because alcohol is a depressant it temporality disrupts homeostasis but the body quickly recovers

• prolonged constant use does not allow the body to recover so the body begins to compensate for depressive effects by over producing excitatory messages allowing the body to return to homeostasis but in a unhealthy manner

• when alcohol is abruptly removed the body is left with excess excitatory message and greatly increases the likelihood of seizures

how does the body compensate for depressive effects of alcohol because of prolonged constant use 

overproducing excitatory messages allowing the body to return to homeostasis in an UNHEALTHY MANNER 

what are the stages of liver damage

healthy—> fatty—>fibrosis—>cirrhosis—>cancer

what is fibrosis

excess fibrous connective tissue where it leads to thickened stiff tissue as a result of injury or inflammation that disrupts normal function

cirrhosis 

the liver becomes permanently damaged or scarred imparing the ability to function properly

this occurs when scar tissue replaces health liver rissue which disrupted blood flow and liver function

this is typically irreversible but early intervention can slow or halt progress

liver cancer

uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the liver

malignant cells in the issue of liver

orginates in main liver cells called heptocytes

madd

mothers against drunk driving

how has the rate of total impaired driving fatalities per 100,00 populaton changed since 1992 to 2018

drunk driving fatalities as decreased 65% since 1982

if BAC is bw 0.08 and 0.15 in Gainesville

1st conviction for DUI

minimum of 500 and max of $1,000

probation of at least 1 yr with monthly reporting

completion of substance abuse course with DUI progam

50 hrs of public servic or community work

impounding of vehicle for 10 days, noncurrent with incarcreation

drivers revocation for minimum 180 days and max 1 year

what happened to Cindi Lamb Nov 10,1979

she was driving to grocery store in mt pleasant maryland when a DD hit her and projected her through the windshield

who was the DD in the Cindi Lamb case 

russel newcomer

how many bones did she break and where

12 bones mostly below the waist

newcomer background

recidivist

more than 30 traffic violations

3 arrests for DWI

at the time of the incident he was on probation for armed robbery

what happened may 3rd 1980 

cari lightner at age 13 was killed by clarence busch

she was hit from behind and thrown 125 ft and left to die 

clarence busch

multiple repeat offender drunk driver

did not stop or render aid and did not tell anyone

told his wife when he got home to not look at the car

at the time of the incident he was on bail from another hit and runk drunk driving crash

had 3 prior convicions for drunk driving in 4 years

still driving with a valid california driver’s liscence

why were DD ( designated driver) campaigns sucessful

allow networks to do something positive about drinking while not alienating the alcohol industry

EASY TO GET MESSAGE ON TV

In mid 1990s what was identified as the number 1 public health threat and primary source of morbidty and mortality facing us college students 

binge drinking 

despite efforts by the cdc, who, and niaaa to spread information about effective prevention and intervention strategies college binge drinking have

remained high and the alcohol mortality and morbidity stats among college students have remained STABLE

how does wechler and colleages ( 1994) define binge drinking

5 + drinks for men

4+ drinking for women

on a SINGLE OCCASSION

what are the criticisms for wechsler definition of binge drinking 

• co-opted a powerful phrase, broadly redefined it and then used the results to sensationalize the problem

• failed to consider the person’s weight timeframe they drank which resulted in variability in blood alcohol concentrations 

• resulted in poor measurement specificity given that most episodes of binge drinking do not result in major negative consequences 

in 2004 what did the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism (NIAAA) do

revised definition of binge drinking acknowledging that consuming 5/4+ drinks in a 2 hr period at least once in a the previous two weeks

prevention paradox

situation where most cases of negative consequences come from a population at low or moderate risk and only a minority of cases come from high risk populations

according to the prevention paradox lets say that 25 people in a night experience an alcohol related negative outcomes ( e.g get into a fight) 

1 person= non binge drinker

20 persons= binge drinkers

4 persons= high intensity 

how many students die each year due to alcohol related injuries

1500

1 in __ college students experience academic difficulties from drinking

1 in 4

how many students are hurt or injured by another student who has ben drinking 

700,000

what percent of college students meet the criteria for alcohol use disorder

13%

what percent of undergraduate women have experienced some form of sexual assault

28.1%

sexual touching includes 

23.6%

attempted penetrative assault

11.2%

penetrative assult

13.6%

what percent of freshman experience SA 

21%

% of sophomore that get SA

25.5%

% of juniors that get SA

29.7%

% of seniors that get SA 

36.4%

what undergraduate class has the highest rates of penetrative assault

seniors

NIAAA recommended strategies

support comprehensive programs that target

1.) individuals including at risk or alcohol dependent students

2.) student population as a whole

3.) college and surrounding communities

NIAAA tier 1

evidence of effectiveness among college students 

what is included in tier one

• combining cognitive behavioral skills with norms classification

• offering brief motivational enhancement interventions

• challenging alcohol expectancies

NIAAA recommended strategies tier 2

evidence of success with the general population that could be applied to college environments

tier 2 

increase enforcement of minimum drinking age 

implement and enforce laws to reduce alchohol impiared driving

restrictions on alcohol retail outlet density

increase prices and taxes on alcoholic beverages 

NIAAA recommended strategies tier 3

evidence of logical and theoretical promise but may require more comprehensive evaluation

NIAAA recommended strategies tier 4

evidence of ineffectiveness