United sates history 1 Chapter 1 Review

The part 1 of 4

Who were the first settlers of North America?

People who migrated from Asia.

What land bridge did the first settlers cross?

Beringia.

What modern regions did Beringia connect?

Siberia and Alaska.

During what time period was Beringia usable?

The last Ice Age.

Why could people cross Beringia?

Lower sea levels exposed a land bridge.

How did the first settlers survive?

Hunting, fishing, and gathering.

What large animals did early Native Americans hunt?

Mammoths, mastodons, and bison.

Why did Native Americans begin farming?

Climate change and the disappearance of large game.

What did agriculture allow Native societies to build?

Permanent settlements.

What happened because people settled permanently?

Population growth.

What developed after permanent settlements?

Complex civilizations.

What civilization built Tenochtitlán?

The Aztecs.

What civilization built large mounds in North America?

The Mississippian culture.

What was one major effect of agriculture?

Food surpluses.

What did food surpluses allow?

Specialized jobs and governments.

What was the capital of the Aztec Empire?

Tenochtitlán.

Where was Tenochtitlán located?

On an island in Lake Texcoco.

Who ruled the Aztec Empire?

An emperor.

What social class was at the top of Aztec society?

Nobles.

Which group held important religious authority in Aztec society?

Priests.

Which people gained status through military success?

Warriors.

Who traded goods throughout the Aztec Empire?

Merchants.

What was the largest social class in the Aztec Empire?

Farmers.

What crop formed the basis of the Aztec diet?

Corn (maize).

What farming method did the Aztecs use on lakes?

Chinampas.

What were chinampas?

Floating gardens.

Why was religion important to the Aztecs?

They believed the gods controlled nature and life.

Why did the Aztecs perform human sacrifices?

To honor and feed the gods.

What did the Aztecs believe would happen if sacrifices stopped?

The world could end.

Who arrived in the Americas in 1492?

Christopher Columbus.

What changed after Europeans arrived?

Native Americans and Europeans began interacting regularly.

How did Europeans first interact with Native Americans?

Through trade and exploration.

How did the relationship later change?

Conflict and conquest.

What disease killed millions of Native Americans?

Smallpox.

Why were Native Americans vulnerable to European diseases?

They had no immunity.

What was one positive result of contact for Europeans?

Access to new land and wealth.

What was one negative result for Native Americans?

Population collapse.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and culture between the Americas and Europe.

Which animal was introduced to the Americas by Europeans?

Horses.

Which animal was introduced by Europeans and transformed Native life?

Horses.

Which crop spread from the Americas to Europe?

Potatoes.

Which crop spread from the Americas to Africa?

Corn (maize).

Which disease caused the greatest Native American deaths?

Smallpox.

Who began exploring the coast of West Africa first?

Portugal.

Why did Portugal explore Africa?

To find trade routes and gold.

What valuable metal did Portugal seek in Africa?

Gold.

What valuable trade item did Portugal purchase in Africa?

Slaves.

Who controlled much of the African slave trade?

African kingdoms.

What religion did Portugal spread during exploration?

Christianity.

Who sponsored many Portuguese voyages?

Prince Henry the Navigator.

Why was Prince Henry the Navigator important?

He encouraged exploration.

Who were the first permanent European settlers in North America?

The Spanish.

Where did Spain first establish colonies?

The Caribbean.

What motivated Spanish exploration?

God, gold, and glory.

What were the three G's of exploration?

God, gold, and glory.

Who were conquistadors?

Spanish conquerors.

What was one goal of conquistadors?

To conquer Native empires.

What developments made European exploration possible?

Better ships, navigation, wealth, and strong monarchies.

What type of ship helped Europeans sail farther?

Caravel.

What navigation tool helped sailors determine latitude?

Astrolabe.

What navigation tool helped sailors find direction?

Compass.

Why did European monarchs support exploration?

To gain wealth and power.

What economic idea encouraged exploration?

Mercantilism.

Who sailed west hoping to reach Asia?

Christopher Columbus.

Who sponsored Columbus?

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.

What year did Columbus sail?

1492.

Where did Columbus actually land?

The Caribbean.

Did Columbus ever reach Asia?

No.

Why did Columbus think he reached Asia?

He underestimated Earth's size.

What did Columbus call the Native people?

Indians.

Why is Columbus considered important?

He opened lasting contact between Europe and the Americas.

Which two countries signed the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Spain and Portugal.

What year was the Treaty of Tordesillas signed?

1494.

What was the purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

To divide newly discovered lands.

Who approved the Treaty of Tordesillas?

The Pope.

Which country received most of South America?

Portugal.

Which country received most of the Americas?

Spain.

Who conquered the Aztec Empire?

Hernán Cortés.

Who ruled the Aztec Empire when Cortés arrived?

Moctezuma II.

Why did Native allies help Cortés?

They hated Aztec rule.

Which disease weakened the Aztecs during the conquest?

Smallpox.

Why did the Spanish defeat the Aztecs despite being outnumbered?

Better weapons, horses, Native allies, and disease.

What happened to Tenochtitlán after the conquest?

It became Mexico City.

What labor system did Spain establish in the Americas?

The encomienda system.

What was the encomienda system?

A system that forced Native Americans to work for Spanish landowners.

What were encomenderos?

Spanish landowners granted Native labor.

What was Spain's main goal in its colonies?

Extract wealth.

Which religion did Spanish missionaries spread?

Catholicism.

Who were coureurs de bois?

French fur traders.

What product drove the French colonial economy?

Fur.

Which animal was most valuable in the French fur trade?

Beaver.

How did France generally interact with Native Americans?

Through trade and alliances.

Why did France build fewer settlements than Spain?

They focused on trade instead of farming.

What major religious movement challenged the Catholic Church?

The Protestant Reformation.

Who began the Protestant Reformation?

Martin Luther.

What did Protestants reject?

Some Catholic teachings and the Pope's authority.

Which church remained dominant in Spain?

The Catholic Church.

Which English monarch created the Church of England?

Henry VIII.

Why did Henry VIII create the Church of England?

The Pope refused to grant him a divorce.

What religion did Queen Elizabeth I support?

Protestantism.