Our Journey to Now - yr10 2025

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Fossils

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remains/traces of organisms preserved in rock

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the rock cycles processes that form fossils and sedimentary layers

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compaction and cementation

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57 Terms

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Fossils

remains/traces of organisms preserved in rock

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the rock cycles processes that form fossils and sedimentary layers

compaction and cementation

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how do fossil imprints occur

they occur when an organism is buried quickly and decomposes slowly

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sediment

Small rock fragments such as mud, sand or gravel

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relative dating

Method of determining the age of a fossil by comparing its placement with that of fossils in other layers of rock

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weathering and erosion

Processes that break down a rock to form sediments.

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Lamarck's Theory of Evolution

use and disuse of certain body parts changes them over an organisms' lifetime, and these newly developed physical traits are passed onto their offspring

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Example of Lamarck's theory

Giraffe neck length getting longer from generation to generation because they stretched to reach the higher leaves

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Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Mutations lead to population variation. The organisms with traits that help their survival live longer and reproduce more, passing on said traits.

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Example of Darwin's Theory

A zebra is born with an unnaturally long neck, allowing it to reach more leaves. This means it lives longer and reproduces, passing on the mutation to it's children.

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Why lamarck was wrong

The only thing passed down to offspring is the DNA/genes within an organism. These are unrelated to physical traits developed over an organism's lifetime, which cannot be passed down.

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population

a group of organisms in the same species living in the same area - they can interact and breed with each other

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evolution

is any change in the genetic traits in a population over many generations.

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genetic traits

A feature that can be passed down by genes to the next generation

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genetic variation

Differences in features or DNA between individuals of the same species

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genetic diversity

the amount of genetic variation in a population - helps a species survive when it's environment changes

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acquired trait

a trait an individual gains during it's lifetime

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genetic trait

a trait passed down generations via genes

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Species

A group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

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speciation

the process of one species evolving into two or more over time

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biogeography

study of the geographical distribution of living things

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endemic species

species that are native to and found only within a limited area

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What is a pentadactyl limb?

A limb with five digits.

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In which organisms are pentadactyl limbs found?

In every four-limbed vertebrate.

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What does the presence of pentadactyl limbs suggest about vertebrate species?

All species with pentadactyl limbs derived from a common ancestor.

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Example of the pentadactyl limb

human hands and gorilla hands have almost the exact same bone structure, but gorilla hands are much larger and stronger due to how they place their body weight on their hands.

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Homologous structures

Features in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

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example of homologous structures

pentadactyl limbs (btw this is evidence for evolution)

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analogous structures

Similar features in different organisms developed due to them being exposed to the same selection pressures, not due to having a common ancestor

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example of analogous structures

fins on sharks and dolphins

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vestigial structures

features that lost their purpose over the evolutionary process, becoming redundant/unnecessary, like the appendix

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comparative embryology

the study of the similarities and differences in the embryos of different species

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biochemical evidence

analysis of DNA or amino acid sequence between organisms to determine if they have common origins

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natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

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abiotic

Non-living

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biotic

living

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adaotation

a physical/behavioural characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment

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who is the theory of natural selection credited to?

Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

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What are the four requirements of natural selection

Variation, Heritability, Superfecundity, and Non-random Mortality

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Heritability

each individual tends to pass its traits onto its offspring

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Superfecundity

More young are produced than can possibly survive

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Non-random Mortality

survivors have a reason for surviving over their dead counterparts

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artificial selection

Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.

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artificial selection example

dog breeding

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structure of a nucleotide

phosphate, sugar, base

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the four nucleotides

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

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nucleotide complementary pairs

A-T, G-C

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DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid - a molecule responsible for storing genetic information in cells

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RNA

ribonucleic acid - one nucleotide chain (DNA is made of two)

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DNA polymerase

enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication

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DNA helicase

enzyme that 'unzips' the double helix during replication

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DNA replication

Process of copying DNA before cell division.

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allels

alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation

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phenotype

the observable characteristics of an organism

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parsec

the distance at which an object has a parallax angle of one arcsecond

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arcsecond

a single second (of degrees, minutes and _____)

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what is the process of speciation

  1. individuals from the same species become isolated from one another - forming two separate populations

  2. the genetic characteristics of the two populations change independently of each other - which is reproductive isolation

  3. the two populations now have different selection pressures and mutations, evolving differently until they can no longer breed to produce fertile offspring