Art History Terminology

Renaissance Period of Art

Front:Period of cultural revival in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century.

Period of cultural revival in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century characterized by a renewed interest in classical antiquity, humanism, and advancements in art, science, and literature. Notable artists include Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Innovations in techniques like perspective and chiaroscuro transformed visual representation. This era laid the foundation for modern Western culture

Humanism

Front:Philosophical and cultural movement during the Renaissance.

Philosophical and cultural movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the value of human beings, individualism, and critical thinking, often focusing on classical texts and secular subjects. It promotes the study of humanities, including literature, philosophy, and history, fostering a shift from religious to more human-centered perspectives.

Neo-Platonism

Philosophical system that emerged in the 3rd century AD, emphasizing the existence of a single source of all reality.

This belief system integrates elements of Plato's ideas with mystical and religious concepts, focusing on the ascent of the soul towards the divine. Key figures include Plotinus and Porphyry. It influenced early Christian thought and later philosophical movements.

Paragone

The debate about the superiority of sculpture or painting as the more superior and distinct form

Horizon Line

Represents the viewers eye level, and often acts as the boundary between earth and sky in a work of art.

Vanishing point

Point on the horizon line where all parallel lines seem to also converge, giving a 2-dimensional surface the appearance of depth

Orthogonals

Parallel lines that seem to meet at a vanishing point in the horizon

Aerial (atmospheric) perspective

Appearance of the effects of the atmosphere on objects that are distant

Sfumato

Painting technique that uses gradual transitions between colors and tones to create a soft, hazy effect.

(Mona Lisa)

Foreshortening

Technique used to create the illusion of depth with depicting how certain objects appear from a distance or odd angle.

Chiaroscuro

A technique in visual arts that uses strong contrasts between light and dark to create a sense of volume and three-dimensionality. It enhances the dramatic effect of an image and can be used to highlight specific areas or subjects within a composition. Often associated with Renaissance artists, it plays a crucial role in painting, drawing, and photography.

Fresco

A technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall

Tempera

The technique of painting with pigments bound in a water-soluble emulsion, such as water and egg yolk, or an oil-in-water emulsion such as oil and a whole egg.

Oil painting (glazing (lol) )

Painting with pigments while using a drying oil as a binder.

Anagogical axis

Aiming to find the spiritual meaning behind a text by interpreting it literally

Low relief

A sculptural technique where the figures are slightly raised from the background, creating a shallow depth. This style allows for the representation of subjects in a way that is not fully three-dimensional, often used in decorative art and architectural elements. It emphasizes outlines and contours while maintaining a flat surface overall.

High relief

A sculptural technique where figures project significantly from the background, creating a strong three-dimensional effect. In this style, the depth of the carving allows for intricate details and dramatic shadows, enhancing the visual impact of the artwork. Often used in monumental art and architecture, it contrasts with low relief, where figures are more subtly raised.

Disegno

This term is crucial in art and architecture, representing the initial concept or blueprint. It encompasses both the act of drawing and the underlying principles of composition and structure. This term also often emphasizes the importance of line and form in art.

Colore

A characteristic feature of objects that is determined by the way they reflect or emit light. It can influence mood, perception, and aesthetic appeal. In art and design, it plays a crucial role in composition and visual harmony. Different cultures may associate various meanings and emotions with specific hues.

Pope Julius II

Pope Julius II, known as the "Warrior Pope," reigned from 1503 to 1513 and was a significant patron of the arts during the Renaissance. He commissioned some of the most famous works of art, including Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling and Raphael's frescoes in the Vatican. His support greatly influenced the development of Renaissance art, promoting the integration of classical themes and humanism. Julius II aimed to enhance the prestige of the papacy and the Vatican through these artistic endeavors, leaving a lasting legacy in the history of art.

Trompe l’oeil (fool the eye)

A painting or mural technique that creates an optical illusion, making two-dimensional artwork appear three-dimensional. It often involves realistic imagery to deceive the viewer's perception, giving the impression of depth and space. This style is commonly used in architecture and interior design to enhance visual interest and create the illusion of expanded space.

Mannerism; maniera

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the late Renaissance, characterized by elongated forms, exaggerated poses, and a sense of elegance and complexity. It often emphasizes artificiality over naturalism, focusing on intricate details and emotional expression. This approach can be seen in the works of artists who sought to break away from the balanced composition of earlier periods, favoring instead a more dynamic and sometimes chaotic aesthetic.

Naked/nude

Lacking clothing or covering; exposed to view. Often associated with vulnerability or naturalness. Can also refer to being stripped of adornments or embellishments, emphasizing simplicity or authenticity.

‘Poesie’

A form of literary expression that emphasizes artistic and imaginative qualities, often characterized by the use of rhythm, meter, and vivid imagery. It typically evokes emotions and explores themes such as love, nature, and the human experience. This genre can vary in style and structure, including sonnets, free verse, and haikus.

Figura Serpentinata

This term refers to a style of representation in which a figure is depicted in a spiraling or serpentine pose, enhancing the sense of motion and fluidity. It is commonly seen in Renaissance art, emphasizing elegance, complexity, and harmony in the human form.

Nonfinito

This term describes a piece that is intentionally left unresolved or lacking a definitive conclusion, inviting viewers or readers to engage with it in various ways. It reflects the idea that not all creative expressions need to be fully realized to hold meaning.